Sistemas de cultivo e doses de nitrogênio em cobertura no feijoeiro em plantio direto
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2017-07-20
Autores
Damião, Victor D’Amico [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O objetivo com este trabalho foi avaliar os atributos agronômicos e qualitativos do feijoeiro irrigado em sucessão a sistemas de cultivo de milho exclusivo, milho consorciado com braquiária e milho consorciado com crotalária, assim como o efeito da adubação nitrogenada em cobertura, no ano de implantação do sistema de plantio direto. O experimento foi instalado em um Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico de textura argilosa, no delineamento em blocos casualizados arranjados em parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. As parcelas foram compostas por três sistemas de cultivo anteriores ao feijoeiro, representadas pelo milho exclusivo, milho consorciado com braquiária e milho consorciado com crotalária, todos semeados em sucessão ao milheto de primavera. As subparcelas foram constituídas por cinco doses de nitrogênio, sendo 0, 50, 100, 150 e 200 kg ha-1, aplicadas em cobertura na cultivar de feijoeiro IAC Alvorada. A viabilidade dos sistemas de cultivo de milho consorciado com braquiária e crotalária foi confirmada, pois não houve redução na produtividade de grãos do milho em relação ao sistema de cultivo exclusivo. Além disso, os consórcios de milho proporcionaram maior recobrimento do solo, quantidade de palhada, teor e acúmulo de nitrogênio na palhada, enquadrando-se nos padrões recomendados para o sistema de plantio direto de qualidade. Em relação aos atributos agronômicos do feijoeiro, o aporte de nitrogênio em cobertura proporcionou reposta linear crescente nas variáveis: teor de nitrogênio foliar, índice relativo de clorofila, número de vagens por planta, massa de 100 grãos e produtividade de grãos. O feijoeiro semeado na palhada de milho com crotalária apresentou maior número de vagens por planta, grãos por vagem e produtividade de grãos. Houve interação entre os tratamentos testados para eficiência agronômica, a qual foi superior na dose de 50 kg ha-1 de nitrogênio aplicado no feijoeiro em sucessão do milho consorciado com crotalária. Para os atributos qualitativos dos grãos de feijão, as doses de nitrogênio influenciaram o rendimento de peneira 14 e 15, assim como o teor de proteína bruta, apresentando resposta linear crescente ao aporte do nutriente. O sistema de cultivo de milho exclusivo proporcionou maior rendimento de peneira 13, contribuindo para o maior rendimento de peneira maior ou igual a 12. O consórcio de milho com crotalária atuou positivamente no teor de proteína bruta e reduziu o tempo para máxima hidratação, que são características qualitativas favoráveis à comercialização do grão.
The objective of this work was to evaluate the agronomic and qualitative attributes of irrigated common bean in succession to systems of exclusive corn cultivation, corn intercropped with brachiaria and corn intercropped with crotalaria, as well as the effect of top-dressed nitrogen fertilization at the year of implementation of the no-tillage system. The experiment was developed in a Eutrophic Oxisol, in randomized complete blocks design, in split-plot, with four replicates. The plots were composed of three cultivation systems prior to the bean, represented by exclusive corn, corn intercropped with brachiaria and corn intercropped with crotalaria, all of them sown in succession to spring millet. The subplots were consisted of five nitrogen doses, being 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1, as top-dressed applied on the bean cultivar IAC Alvorada. The viability of corn intercropping systems with brachiaria and crotalaria was confirmed, as there was no reduction in maize grains yield in relation to the exclusive cropping system. In addition, maize intercropped provided greater soil cover, amount of straw, content and accumulation of nitrogen in the straw, in accordance with the recommended standards for the quality no-tillage system. In relation to the agronomic attributes of the common bean, the top-dressed nitrogen levels provided an increasing linear behavior in the variables: leaf nitrogen content, relative chlorophyll index, number of pods per plant, mass of 100 grains and grain yield. The bean sown in straw corn with crotalaria yielded higher number of pods per plant, grain per pod and grain yield. There was interaction between treatments tested for agronomic efficiency, which was higher in the 50 kg ha-1 dose of nitrogen applied on the bean in succession of corn intercropped with crotalaria. For the qualitative attributes of the bean grains, increasing nitrogen doses influenced the sieve yield 14 and 15, as well as the crude protein content, presenting an increasing linear response to the nutrient contribution. The exclusive maize crop systems provided higher sieve yield 13, contributing to the higher sieve yield greater or equal to 12. The corn consortium with crotalaria had a positive effect on the crude protein content and reduced the time for maximum hydration, which are qualitative characteristics favorable to the commercialization of the grain.
The objective of this work was to evaluate the agronomic and qualitative attributes of irrigated common bean in succession to systems of exclusive corn cultivation, corn intercropped with brachiaria and corn intercropped with crotalaria, as well as the effect of top-dressed nitrogen fertilization at the year of implementation of the no-tillage system. The experiment was developed in a Eutrophic Oxisol, in randomized complete blocks design, in split-plot, with four replicates. The plots were composed of three cultivation systems prior to the bean, represented by exclusive corn, corn intercropped with brachiaria and corn intercropped with crotalaria, all of them sown in succession to spring millet. The subplots were consisted of five nitrogen doses, being 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1, as top-dressed applied on the bean cultivar IAC Alvorada. The viability of corn intercropping systems with brachiaria and crotalaria was confirmed, as there was no reduction in maize grains yield in relation to the exclusive cropping system. In addition, maize intercropped provided greater soil cover, amount of straw, content and accumulation of nitrogen in the straw, in accordance with the recommended standards for the quality no-tillage system. In relation to the agronomic attributes of the common bean, the top-dressed nitrogen levels provided an increasing linear behavior in the variables: leaf nitrogen content, relative chlorophyll index, number of pods per plant, mass of 100 grains and grain yield. The bean sown in straw corn with crotalaria yielded higher number of pods per plant, grain per pod and grain yield. There was interaction between treatments tested for agronomic efficiency, which was higher in the 50 kg ha-1 dose of nitrogen applied on the bean in succession of corn intercropped with crotalaria. For the qualitative attributes of the bean grains, increasing nitrogen doses influenced the sieve yield 14 and 15, as well as the crude protein content, presenting an increasing linear response to the nutrient contribution. The exclusive maize crop systems provided higher sieve yield 13, contributing to the higher sieve yield greater or equal to 12. The corn consortium with crotalaria had a positive effect on the crude protein content and reduced the time for maximum hydration, which are qualitative characteristics favorable to the commercialization of the grain.
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Palavras-chave
Consórcio milho-braquiária, Consórcio milho-crotalária, Crotalaria spectabilis, Phaseolus vulgaris, Urochloa ruziziensis, Zea mays, Maize-brachiaria intercropping, Maize-crotalaria intercropping