Balanço de carbono e nitrogênio e emissão de gases de efeito estufa em sistema integrado de produção agropecuária com ovinos
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Data
2016-02-25
Autores
Cruz, Igor Vilela [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Como opção para produção de silagem, o consórcio do milho com o capim-marandu e o feijão-guandu pode aumentar a quantidade de silagem produzida, sendo essa de melhor qualidade. O consórcio entre gramíneas e leguminosas pode ser uma estratégia interessante para aumentar os estoques de C e N e a quantidade forragem pelas pastagens cultivadas em sucessão, que resultarão em palhada para cobertura do solo no Sistema Plantio Direto (SPD). Em sucessão aos consórcios de verão, a aveia se torna uma opção importante, principalmente pela possiblidade de sobressemeadura, o que torna viável o seu cultivo por produtores que não tem acesso à semeadoras específicas para sementes miúdas. Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar a produção de fitomassa aérea das espécies cultivadas, em função da presença ou não do feijão-guandu em consórcio com milho e capim marandú no verão para produção de silagem, e também em função das modalidades de semeadura da aveia-preta no outono-inverno para produção de pasto e palha, em SPD, com integração Lavoura-Pecuária (iLP), visando a terminação de cordeiros em semi-confinamento. Além disso, verificar se as emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) por esses cultivos são compensados por aumentos no aporte de C no solo. A presente pesquisa foi realizada, na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, pertencente à Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas – UNESP, localizada no município de Botucatu (SP), e foi conduzido nos anos agrícolas 2013/2014 e 2014/2015. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, em parcela subdividida, com dois fatores (A e B) e 4 repetições. O fator A está alocado na parcela principal e constituído de dois tratamentos de verão, ou seja, duas modalidades de cultivo da cultura do milho para ensilagem, uma em consórcio com capim-marandu (Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf cv. Marandu [syn. Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) R. D. Webster cv. Marandu] e a outra em consórcio com capim-marandu e feijão-guandu cv. BRS Mandarim. O fator B é alocado na subparcela e constituído de dois tratamentos de inverno, ou seja, duas modalidades de semeadura de aveia preta (Avena bysantina), uma a lanço (manual) e a outra em linha. Foi avaliado a qualidade e quantidade de silagem produzida, os teores de C e N no solo, o aporte sobre o solo de matéria seca, C e N pelos resíduos vegetais e os fluxos de gases de efeito estufa (CO2, N2O e CH4 provenientes do solo). Para comparação entre os tratamentos foi realizada análise de variância e as médias foram comparadas estatisticamente pelo teste t, no nível de 5 % de probabilidade de erro. As emissões de GEE foram maiores em outubro de 2014 logo após o pastejo, sendo o solo fonte de CH4. O cultivo do feijão-guandu resultou em maior aporte de resíduos vegetais sobre o solo, sendo esses resíduos com menor relação C/N.
Optionally for silage production, the intercrop of corn with the marandugrass and pigeon pea can increase the amount of produced silage, and this best quality. The consortium of grasses and legumes can be an interesting strategy to increase the stocks of C and N and the amount forage for pastures grown in succession, which will result in straw for mulching in no-tillage system. In succession to summer intercrop, oats becomes an important option, especially the possibility of overseeded, making it possible its cultivation by farmers who do not have access to specific seeders for small seeds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the air biomass production of cultivated species, depending on the presence or absence of pigeon pea intercropped with corn and pasture in the summer for silage, and also depending on the seeding arrangements for aveia- yellow in autumn-winter pasture production and straw in SPD with Crop-Livestock integration, aimed at terminating lambs in semi-confinement. Also, check if emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) by these crops are offset by increases in the C input to soil.This survey was conducted in the Experimental Farm Lageado, belonging to the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences - UNESP, located in Botucatu (SP), and was conducted in the agricultural year 2014/2015. The experimental design is a randomized block in a split plot with two factors (A and B) and 4 repetitions, Factor A is allocated in the main plot and consists of two summer treatments, ie two crop cultivation modes corn for silage, one in consortium with marandugrass and the other in consortium with marandugrass and pigeon pea cv. BRS Mandarin. Factor B is allocated in the sub-plot and comprises two winter treatments, ie two types of hp yellow oat sowing. Sao Carlos (Avena bysantina) a broadcasted (manually) and the other in line. It was the quality and quantity of produced silage rated. The gas samples for determination of CO2 flows, N2O and CH4 from the soil were carried out after grazing oats, and during regrowth of braquiaria in 2014, during the grazing in 2014 was isolated an area within the plot, and shortly after the end of the grazing cycle were installed two chambers, 1 in the area that was not grazed. The second round of collection was after planting oats in 2015. Overall GHG emissions were higher in October 2014 soon after grazing, and the ground source of CH4, the desetos animals and quality and quantity of straw in influencied emissions. The treatments with a light harrowing for merger of oats, obtained the highest values of lower values of PPA.It was analyzed the stock of C and N in the 0-40 cm depth in the soil and plants and straw, to determine the balance of Generally the treatment with the legume submitted a C / N ratio smaller but with a greater contribution to the treatment plant without the legume. This sense labor objective was to evaluate the Greenhouse Gas Emissions Greenhouse in function of the use of different Systems Integration Crop Farming and as emissions of fluorinated gases can be compensated hair increase of C stocks in soil and straw with these practice managements.
Optionally for silage production, the intercrop of corn with the marandugrass and pigeon pea can increase the amount of produced silage, and this best quality. The consortium of grasses and legumes can be an interesting strategy to increase the stocks of C and N and the amount forage for pastures grown in succession, which will result in straw for mulching in no-tillage system. In succession to summer intercrop, oats becomes an important option, especially the possibility of overseeded, making it possible its cultivation by farmers who do not have access to specific seeders for small seeds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the air biomass production of cultivated species, depending on the presence or absence of pigeon pea intercropped with corn and pasture in the summer for silage, and also depending on the seeding arrangements for aveia- yellow in autumn-winter pasture production and straw in SPD with Crop-Livestock integration, aimed at terminating lambs in semi-confinement. Also, check if emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) by these crops are offset by increases in the C input to soil.This survey was conducted in the Experimental Farm Lageado, belonging to the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences - UNESP, located in Botucatu (SP), and was conducted in the agricultural year 2014/2015. The experimental design is a randomized block in a split plot with two factors (A and B) and 4 repetitions, Factor A is allocated in the main plot and consists of two summer treatments, ie two crop cultivation modes corn for silage, one in consortium with marandugrass and the other in consortium with marandugrass and pigeon pea cv. BRS Mandarin. Factor B is allocated in the sub-plot and comprises two winter treatments, ie two types of hp yellow oat sowing. Sao Carlos (Avena bysantina) a broadcasted (manually) and the other in line. It was the quality and quantity of produced silage rated. The gas samples for determination of CO2 flows, N2O and CH4 from the soil were carried out after grazing oats, and during regrowth of braquiaria in 2014, during the grazing in 2014 was isolated an area within the plot, and shortly after the end of the grazing cycle were installed two chambers, 1 in the area that was not grazed. The second round of collection was after planting oats in 2015. Overall GHG emissions were higher in October 2014 soon after grazing, and the ground source of CH4, the desetos animals and quality and quantity of straw in influencied emissions. The treatments with a light harrowing for merger of oats, obtained the highest values of lower values of PPA.It was analyzed the stock of C and N in the 0-40 cm depth in the soil and plants and straw, to determine the balance of Generally the treatment with the legume submitted a C / N ratio smaller but with a greater contribution to the treatment plant without the legume. This sense labor objective was to evaluate the Greenhouse Gas Emissions Greenhouse in function of the use of different Systems Integration Crop Farming and as emissions of fluorinated gases can be compensated hair increase of C stocks in soil and straw with these practice managements.
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Palavras-chave
Gases de efeito estufa, Plantio direto, Integração lavoura pecuária, Greenhouse gas emissions, No-tillage, Crop integrate