Cardiomiopatia dilatada em pediatria: proposta de protocolo para diagnóstico e tratamento
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Data
2017-06-09
Autores
Grizzo, Andréia [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
INTRODUÇÃO: Cardiomiopatia é uma alteração do miocárdio em que o músculo do coração é estruturalmente e/ou funcionalmente anormal, na ausência de doença de artérias coronárias, hipertensão arterial, doenças valvares e cardiopatias congênitas. A Cardiomiopatia dilatada é o tipo mais frequente na faixa etária pediátrica, caracterizando-se por apresentar dilatação do ventrículo esquerdo com disfunção sistólica na ausência de condições de carga anormais, com incidência de aproximadamente 0,57 casos/100.000 habitantes ao ano e maior prevalência no sexo masculino. Apresenta curso progressivo, elevado custo de tratamento e é a principal causa de transplante cardíaco em pediatria. Em cinco anos de acompanhamento, aproximadamente 2,5% evoluem com morte súbita e 29% tem indicação de transplante cardíaco. A etiologia ao diagnóstico é pouco conhecida, permanecendo a causa idiopática como a mais frequente, incluindo entre elas causas genéticas e familiares não identificadas, seguida das miocardites. O diagnóstico é baseado em sintomas de insuficiência cardíaca congestiva (ICC) ou alterações em exames de imagem na ausência de sinais de ICC. O exame complementar mais importante é o ecocardiograma com doppler colorido que permite a avaliação da dilatação do VE, fração de ejeção do VE (FEVE) <55% e/ou hipocinesia de VE. O tratamento na fase aguda da doença deve ser baseado na classificação hemodinâmica, sendo utilizados inibidores da enzima de conversão da angiotensina (IECA), betabloqueadores, diuréticos e drogas inotrópicas positivas, principalmente nos casos de descompensação clínica mais grave. OBJETIVO: Padronizar um protocolo para o diagnóstico e tratamento da cardiomiopatia dilatada na faixa etária pediátrica de acordo com nossa realidade institucional, baseado nas melhores evidências disponíveis na literatura. METODOLOGIA:Estudo de revisão da literatura realizado nas principais fontes: Pubmed, Embase, LILACS, Cochrane e Uptodate; priorizando os publicados nos últimos 10 anos. RESULTADO:Há poucos estudos sobre o diagnóstico e tratamento de cardiomiopatia dilatada em pediatria com bom nível de evidência. Um algoritmo para o diagnóstico e tratamento baseado nas melhores evidências disponíveis na literatura e nas condições existentes em nosso serviço foi construído e será disponibilizado junto aos médicos responsáveis pelo atendimento aos pacientes pediátricos com diagnóstico de cardiomiopatia dilatada. CONCLUSÃO: A utilização de protocolo poderá proporcionar a otimização dos recursos hospitalares utilizados para o diagnóstico e o tratamento de cardiomiopatia dilatada com aumento do diagnóstico precoce e instituição do tratamento mais adequado.
INTRODUTION: Cardiomyopathy is a myocardial disorder in which the heart muscle is structurally and/or functionally abnormal, in the absence of coronary artery disease, arterial hypertension, valvular heart disease and congenital heart disease. Dilated Cardiomyopathy is the most common type in the pediatric age group, characterized by a dilation of the left ventricle with systolic dysfunction in the absence of abnormal loading conditions, with an incidence of approximately 0.57 cases/100,000 inhabitants per year and higher prevalence in the male gender. It is a progressive disease, with a high cost of treatment and is the major cause of heart transplantation in pediatrics. In five years of following up, nearly 2.5% evolve with sudden death and 29% have an indication for heart transplantation. The etiology to diagnosis is little known, and the idiopathic cause remains the most frequent one, including among them unidentified genetic and familial causes, followed by myocarditis. The diagnosis is based on symptoms of congestive heart failure (HF), or changes in imaging tests, in the absence of signs of HF. The most important complementary exam is the color Doppler echocardiography, which allows an assessment of the LV dilation, Left Ventricular ejection fraction (LVFE) < 55% and/or LV hypokinesis. Treatment in the acute phase of the disease should be based on hemodynamic classification, using angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, beta-blockers, diuretics and positive inotropic drugs, especially in cases of more severe clinical decompensation. OBJECTIVE: To standardize a protocol for dilated cardiomyopathy diagnosis and treatment in the pediatric age group according to our institutional reality based on the best evidence available in the literature. METHODOLOGY:A revision of the literature performed in the main sources: Pubmed, Embase, LILACS, Cochrane and Uptodate; prioritizing those published in the last 10 years. RESULT:There are a few studies on dilated cardiomyopathy diagnosis and treatment in pediatrics with good level of evidence. An algorithm for diagnosis and treatment based on the best evidence available in the literature and in the conditions existing in our service was built and will be make available to physicians in charge of the care of pediatric patients diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy. CONCLUSION: The use of protocol may provide the optimization of hospital resources used for the diagnosis and treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy with increased early diagnosis and the institution of the most appropriate treatment.
INTRODUTION: Cardiomyopathy is a myocardial disorder in which the heart muscle is structurally and/or functionally abnormal, in the absence of coronary artery disease, arterial hypertension, valvular heart disease and congenital heart disease. Dilated Cardiomyopathy is the most common type in the pediatric age group, characterized by a dilation of the left ventricle with systolic dysfunction in the absence of abnormal loading conditions, with an incidence of approximately 0.57 cases/100,000 inhabitants per year and higher prevalence in the male gender. It is a progressive disease, with a high cost of treatment and is the major cause of heart transplantation in pediatrics. In five years of following up, nearly 2.5% evolve with sudden death and 29% have an indication for heart transplantation. The etiology to diagnosis is little known, and the idiopathic cause remains the most frequent one, including among them unidentified genetic and familial causes, followed by myocarditis. The diagnosis is based on symptoms of congestive heart failure (HF), or changes in imaging tests, in the absence of signs of HF. The most important complementary exam is the color Doppler echocardiography, which allows an assessment of the LV dilation, Left Ventricular ejection fraction (LVFE) < 55% and/or LV hypokinesis. Treatment in the acute phase of the disease should be based on hemodynamic classification, using angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, beta-blockers, diuretics and positive inotropic drugs, especially in cases of more severe clinical decompensation. OBJECTIVE: To standardize a protocol for dilated cardiomyopathy diagnosis and treatment in the pediatric age group according to our institutional reality based on the best evidence available in the literature. METHODOLOGY:A revision of the literature performed in the main sources: Pubmed, Embase, LILACS, Cochrane and Uptodate; prioritizing those published in the last 10 years. RESULT:There are a few studies on dilated cardiomyopathy diagnosis and treatment in pediatrics with good level of evidence. An algorithm for diagnosis and treatment based on the best evidence available in the literature and in the conditions existing in our service was built and will be make available to physicians in charge of the care of pediatric patients diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy. CONCLUSION: The use of protocol may provide the optimization of hospital resources used for the diagnosis and treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy with increased early diagnosis and the institution of the most appropriate treatment.
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Palavras-chave
Cardiomiopatia, Cardiomiopatia dilatada, Miocardiopatia, Miocardite, Insuficiência cardíaca, Diagnóstico, Tratamento, Pediatria, Recém-nascido, Criança, Adolescente, Cardiomyopathy, Dilated cardiomyopathy, Myocardiopathy, Myocarditis, Heart failure, Diagnosis, Treatment, Pediatrics, Newborn, Child, Adolescent