Análise do desenvolvimento da competência humorística em duas coleções didáticas para o ensino de espanhol como língua estrangeira
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Data
2017-07-14
Autores
Viana Júnior, Luís Carlos [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Na presente pesquisa, partimos da premissa de que ao desenvolver a competência humorística em alunos de língua estrangeira (LE) enriquece-se o trabalho com a competência comunicativa. Assim, nosso objetivo é analisar como esse processo ocorre no ensino de espanhol como língua estrangeira (ELE) a alunos brasileiros. Para tanto, temos como base teórica Raskin (1985), o qual disserta sobre a competência humorística relacionando-a com os escritos de Grice (1975) sobre princípios próprios dos estudos pragmáticos. Ademais, discutimos sobre a competência comunicativa (HYMES, 1971), além dos conhecimentos e habilidades que a constituem, baseando-nos em teorias de autores como Canale e Swain (1980) e Bachman (1990), que aplicaram esses conceitos ao ensino de LE. A partir dessas teorias, observamos que há uma junção de diversos aspectos para que um interlocutor seja eficaz nas situações comunicativas com que se possa deparar. Portanto, no ensino de LE, é necessária uma ação que supere os limites da ênfase na estrutura (competência linguística) e que incorpore ao ensino de LE os princípios da Pragmática, na busca por aproximar o contexto de aprendizagem ao contexto de uso da língua. Com base nesses preceitos, analisamos duas coleções didáticas de espanhol, aprovadas em 2015 no Programa Nacional do Livro Didático (PNLD), para verificar como o humor é apresentado e se essas propostas permitem o desenvolvimento da competência humorística e, consequentemente, da competência comunicativa nos estudantes. Na análise, em um primeiro momento, realizamos um levantamento da presença dos enunciados humorísticos, destacando em quais gêneros textuais e em que estágio da aprendizagem do estudante são mais recorrentes, bem como quais as tipologias de humor, de acordo com a classificação de Raskin (1985), estão presentes. Encontramos uma variedade bastante escassa de gêneros e tipologias, que, em sua maioria, eram vinhetas que traziam o humor étnico. Apesar de observarmos o humor apresentado nas obras didáticas com o viés da repressão, também havia casos em que aparecia como crítica a outros problemas socioculturais. Finalmente, segundo o Guia dos Livros Didáticos 2015, que apresenta os critérios para a seleção das coleções didáticas, os livros devem expor as relações entre as culturas hispanofalantes e a brasileira, o que, conforme constatamos, ocorre nos enunciados humorísticos. No entanto, a falta de enunciados mais específicos das culturas hispanofalantes de forma que o estudante tenha contato com outras esferas culturais é um ponto negativo nos livros analisados. Com isso, concluímos que a competência humorística ainda pode ser melhor adequada e aproveitada nas séries didáticas e observamos ganhos quando é desenvolvida concomitantemente com outras competências, pois promove o desenvolvimento da competência comunicativa como um todo.
This research begins with the premise that the developing of humor competence in foreign language teaching can enrich the communicative competence. Thus, our objective is to analyze how this process occurs in the teaching of Spanish as a foreign language in Brazilian students. Therefore, our theory will be based on Raskin (1985), who writes about humorous competence related to Grice’s thoughts (1975) about pragmatic principles. In addition, we have discussed what Hymes (1971) named as communicative competence, aside from knowledge and skills which compose it. In this regard, we will search theories that apply these thoughts in the teaching of foreign languages, for example, Canale and Swain (1980) and Bachman (1990). Departing from these theories, it is possible to realize the involvement of various knowledge and important skills to make an efficient interlocutor in his/her communicative situations. Consequently, it is necessary an action that goes beyond the emphasis in the structure (linguistic competence) and that increases the pragmatic principles in the teaching of foreign languages in order to approximate the learning context and the contexts of language usage. From all these precepts, an analysis of Spanish teaching textbooks (approved in 2015 by the Programa Nacional do Livro Didático) was made, in order to verify how humor is presented in these educational series and if this is an efficient way to develop the humorous competence and also the students’ communicative skills. That is, it is necessary to understand how the textbook presents humor and if this method enables the student of foreign languages to develop humorous competence. In the analisys, first of all, we conducted a survey regarding the presence of humor at which textual genre, stage and each typology taking (Raskin, 1985) as a theoretical basis. And we found a rather scarce variety of genres and typologies - mostly vignettes containing ethnical humor. We also noticed that humor must be used with caution and responsibility in the didactic series, since it has the power of repression. However, it can also be used as a correction for many sociocultural problems as it has happened in this work in one of the analyzed collections. However, in none of the collections there was an effective work that divided the development of humorous competence during a book, because the statements were only concentrated in a single stage of the process. At the same time, the qualitative analysis has brought quite relevant results, because despite the small variety of humorous statements, a work of exploration of the genres was done. Finally, according to the Guia de Livros Didáticos 2015 which presents the criteria for the selection of these didactic series, the books should present the links between the Spanish and Brazilian cultures, and this was made in the humoristic statements. However, the lack of more specific statements of Spanish-speaking cultures, relevant to the students to have more contact with other cultural spheres, is a negative aspect of such material. With that being said, we come to the conclusion that the humorous competence can still be better worked out and used in the didactic series and that nowadays, it already shows great gains when it is utilized concomitantly with other competences, because it promotes the development of the entire communicative competences.
This research begins with the premise that the developing of humor competence in foreign language teaching can enrich the communicative competence. Thus, our objective is to analyze how this process occurs in the teaching of Spanish as a foreign language in Brazilian students. Therefore, our theory will be based on Raskin (1985), who writes about humorous competence related to Grice’s thoughts (1975) about pragmatic principles. In addition, we have discussed what Hymes (1971) named as communicative competence, aside from knowledge and skills which compose it. In this regard, we will search theories that apply these thoughts in the teaching of foreign languages, for example, Canale and Swain (1980) and Bachman (1990). Departing from these theories, it is possible to realize the involvement of various knowledge and important skills to make an efficient interlocutor in his/her communicative situations. Consequently, it is necessary an action that goes beyond the emphasis in the structure (linguistic competence) and that increases the pragmatic principles in the teaching of foreign languages in order to approximate the learning context and the contexts of language usage. From all these precepts, an analysis of Spanish teaching textbooks (approved in 2015 by the Programa Nacional do Livro Didático) was made, in order to verify how humor is presented in these educational series and if this is an efficient way to develop the humorous competence and also the students’ communicative skills. That is, it is necessary to understand how the textbook presents humor and if this method enables the student of foreign languages to develop humorous competence. In the analisys, first of all, we conducted a survey regarding the presence of humor at which textual genre, stage and each typology taking (Raskin, 1985) as a theoretical basis. And we found a rather scarce variety of genres and typologies - mostly vignettes containing ethnical humor. We also noticed that humor must be used with caution and responsibility in the didactic series, since it has the power of repression. However, it can also be used as a correction for many sociocultural problems as it has happened in this work in one of the analyzed collections. However, in none of the collections there was an effective work that divided the development of humorous competence during a book, because the statements were only concentrated in a single stage of the process. At the same time, the qualitative analysis has brought quite relevant results, because despite the small variety of humorous statements, a work of exploration of the genres was done. Finally, according to the Guia de Livros Didáticos 2015 which presents the criteria for the selection of these didactic series, the books should present the links between the Spanish and Brazilian cultures, and this was made in the humoristic statements. However, the lack of more specific statements of Spanish-speaking cultures, relevant to the students to have more contact with other cultural spheres, is a negative aspect of such material. With that being said, we come to the conclusion that the humorous competence can still be better worked out and used in the didactic series and that nowadays, it already shows great gains when it is utilized concomitantly with other competences, because it promotes the development of the entire communicative competences.
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Palavras-chave
Competência comunicativa, Competência humorística, Espanhol como língua estrangeira, Communicative competence, Humorous competence, Spanish as a foreign language