Desempenho das culturas de soja e milho e atributos físicos do solo em diferentes sistemas de preparo e retomada do sistema de plantio direto
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Data
2017-08-18
Autores
Souza, Fábio Henrique de [UNESP]
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O emprego de técnicas racionais de preparo do solo vem se tornando fundamentais para garantir a máxima exploração do potencial produtivo das culturas agrícolas e reduzir os problemas de degradação dos solos. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, para as culturas de soja e do milho, qual sistema de preparo do solo proporciona melhor condição para a descompactação do solo e retomada do plantio direto em área anteriormente conduzida sob este sistema. O experimento foi realizado nos anos de 2014, 2015 e 2016. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições e quatro tratamentos na safra 2014/2015 e passou a ter oito tratamentos a partir da safra outono/inverno de 2015 constituídos por: Plantio direto contínuo (PDC); Preparo convencional com arado de aiveca (AA); Preparo convencional com grade pesada implantado na safra verão 2014/2015 (GrPa); Preparo convencional com grade pesada implantado na safra outono/inverno de 2015 (GrPb); Cultivo mínimo com escarificação do solo (CM); Plantio direto sobre gradagem da safra verão 2014/15 (PD-GrP); Plantio direto sobre aração (PD-AA); Plantio direto sobre escarificação (PD-ESC). Os efeitos dos tratamentos foram avaliados a partir dos atributos: macroporosidade, microporosidade, porosidade total, densidade do solo, parâmetros de desenvolvimento e produtividade das culturas da soja e do milho. As condições físicas do solo encontradas no plantio direto contínuo (PDC) restringiram a produtividade da cultura do milho, indicando a necessidade de mobilização do solo para redução da compactação. O preparo do solo com uso do escarificador reduziu a compactação formada no sistema de plantio direto, proporcionando os maiores índices de produtividade da cultura do milho e da soja e melhorando a qualidade física do solo. Por fim, a utilização consecutiva de grade pesada deve ser evitada por apresentar degradação do solo.
The use of rational soil tillage techniques is becoming essential to ensure maximum exploitation of crop production potential and to reduce problems of soil degradation. hus the objective of this work was to evaluate, for soybean and corn crop, which soil tillage system provides a better condition for soil decompression and reinstatement of the no-tillage system. The experiment was carried out in 2014, 2015 and 2016. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with four replications and four treatments in the 2014/2015 harvest, and started having eight treatments from the autumn/winter harvest of 2015, consisting of: No-tillage continuous (PDC); Conventional preparation with plow (AA); Conventional preparation with heavy grid implanted in the summer harvest 2014/2015 (GrPa); Conventional preparation with heavy grid implanted in the fall/winter crop of 2015 (GrPb); Minimum cultivation with soil scarification (CM); No-tillage on harrowing of the summer harvest 2014/15 (PD-GrP); No-tillage on plowing (PD-AA); No-tillage on scarification (PD-ESC). The effects of the treatments were evaluated from the macroporosity, microporosity, total porosity, soil density, development parameters and yield of soybean and maize crops. The physical soil conditions found in no-tillage systems restricted maize crop productivity, indicating the need for soil mobilization to reduce compaction. Soil preparation using the scarifier reduced the compaction formed in the no-tillage system, providing the highest productivity indexes of maize and soybean crop and improving soil physical quality. Finally, the consecutive use of heavy grating should be avoided because of soil degradation.
The use of rational soil tillage techniques is becoming essential to ensure maximum exploitation of crop production potential and to reduce problems of soil degradation. hus the objective of this work was to evaluate, for soybean and corn crop, which soil tillage system provides a better condition for soil decompression and reinstatement of the no-tillage system. The experiment was carried out in 2014, 2015 and 2016. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with four replications and four treatments in the 2014/2015 harvest, and started having eight treatments from the autumn/winter harvest of 2015, consisting of: No-tillage continuous (PDC); Conventional preparation with plow (AA); Conventional preparation with heavy grid implanted in the summer harvest 2014/2015 (GrPa); Conventional preparation with heavy grid implanted in the fall/winter crop of 2015 (GrPb); Minimum cultivation with soil scarification (CM); No-tillage on harrowing of the summer harvest 2014/15 (PD-GrP); No-tillage on plowing (PD-AA); No-tillage on scarification (PD-ESC). The effects of the treatments were evaluated from the macroporosity, microporosity, total porosity, soil density, development parameters and yield of soybean and maize crops. The physical soil conditions found in no-tillage systems restricted maize crop productivity, indicating the need for soil mobilization to reduce compaction. Soil preparation using the scarifier reduced the compaction formed in the no-tillage system, providing the highest productivity indexes of maize and soybean crop and improving soil physical quality. Finally, the consecutive use of heavy grating should be avoided because of soil degradation.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Escarificação, Porosidade do solo, Compactação do solo, Glicine max L., Zea mays L., Scarification, Porosity of soil, Soil compaction