Determinação de área, volume e massa em animais de interesse zootécnico
Arquivos
Data
2017-12-05
Autores
Simão, Bruno Rodrigo
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A fim de utilizar a modelagem tridimensional (3D) para estimar área, volume e massa, bem como avaliar o impacto dos desvios envolvidos nas equações empíricas disponíveis na literatura, em animais, foram utilizados seis ovinos Corriedale tosqueados com massa entre 10 e 105 kg e cinco bovinos Nelore com massa entre 600 a 800 kg. Os animais foram treinados utilizando os princípios de habituação e condicionamento, a fim de reduzir a reatividade dos animais. Para medição da área de superfície, utilizaram-se basicamente três procedimentos: equação empírica (EE) para cada espécie, instrumento manual de medição (IMM) e modelagem 3D do animal por fotogrametria (AR) e escaneamento com sensor kinect (AS_KS). Foi realizada uma análise de covariância, sendo a massa a covariável e uma análise de regressão não linear foi ajustada como uma função potência (alometria). Analisando as médias de área de superfície, para ovinos, em relação aos procedimentos utilizados não houve diferença entre IMM e modelos 3D, bem como entre os modelos 3D, enquanto entre IMM e EE houve diferença significativa. Para os bovinos, observou-se que os procedimentos 3D foram, em média, superiores às estimativas de área de superfície pela EE (a=5%). Quando se plotou os dados de área de superfície, de ovinos, dos métodos testados em função da massa corporal, obteve-se aproximações empíricas distintas daquelas estimadas pela EE em mais de 11% para animais acima de 100kg, enquanto que para os bovinos a diferença média entre os modelos 3D e EE foi de mais de 18%. Como os ajustes das equações com IMM e por modelos 3D tiveram taxas de crescimento muito próximas e os desvios entre elas foram inferiores a 2%, constatou-se que o uso de modelos 3D foi ratificado. Quando se plotou os dados de ambas as espécies, observou-se excelentes ajustes (R²=0.99) e estimativas consistentes com aquelas obtidas pelas equações específicas para cada raça, com desvios inferiores a 3,2%. Outras relações, como volume em função da área de superfície, foram estabelecidas, resultando em aproximações consistentes quando utilizada para estimar o volume do animal. Quando se considerou o animal como um Cilindro Horizontal Padrão (CHP), sua área de superfície foi estimada, em média, 36% abaixo daquelas observadas para os modelos 3D e IMM. Por meio da simulação da transferência de calor por convecção, obteve-se uma diferença de mais 56% na taxa de convecção quando se considerou o animal como um CHP em relação aos modelos 3D e cilindro horizontal completo (CHC). Quando se relacionou as informações das imagens bidimensionais (2D) com as informações dos modelos 3D, foi possível encontrar equações para estimar área, volume e massa dos animais. Outra abordagem que ficou constatada foi a utilização de modelos 3D para avaliação em melhoramento genético, como pelo método EPMURAS. O uso de modelos 3D para estimar a área de superfície e volume em animais foi validado. O método parece ser o melhor meio para estimar a área de superfície e volume, e certamente aparece como uma ferramenta para melhorar as pesquisas envolvendo transferência de calor e massa, bem como o melhoramento genético.
In order to use three-dimensional (3D) modeling to estimate area, volume and mass, as well as to evaluate the impact of the deviations involved in the empirical equations available in the literature, in livestock, six shorn Corriedale sheep were weighed with mass between 10 and 105 kg and five Nelore cattle with mass between 600 and 800 kg. The animals were trained using the principles of habituation and conditioning in order to reduce the reactivity of the animals. For the measurement of the surface area, three procedures were used: empirical equation (EE) for each species, manual measurement instrument (IMM) and 3D animal modeling by photogrammetry (AR) and kinect sensor (AS_KS) scanning. A covariance analysis was performed, with the mass being covariable and a non-linear regression analysis was adjusted as a power function (allometry). Analyzing the surface area averages for sheep, in relation to the procedures used there was no difference between IMM and 3D models, as well as between 3D models, while between IMM and EE there was a significant difference. For cattle, it was observed that the 3D procedures were, on average, higher than the surface area estimates by EE (a=5%). When data were plotted on the surface area of sheep and the methods tested for body mass, empirical approximations were obtained, different from those estimated by EE in more than 11% for animals over 100 kg, while for cattle the difference between 3D and EE models was over 18%. As the adjustments of the equations with IMM and 3D models had very close growth rates and deviations between them were lower than 2%, it was verified that the use of 3D models was ratified. When plotting the data of both species, we observed excellent adjustments (R² = 0.99) and estimates consistent with those obtained by the specific equations for each breed, with deviations lower than 3.2%. Other relationships, such as volume versus surface area, were established, resulting in consistent approximations when used to estimate the volume of the animal. When the animal was considered as a Standard Horizontal Cylinder (CHP), its surface area was estimated, on average, 36% lower than those observed for the 3D and IMM models. Simulation of the heat transfer by convection gave a difference of 56% in the convection rate when the animal was considered as a CHP in relation to the 3D models and the full horizontal cylinder (HCC). When the information of the two-dimensional images (2D) was related to the information of the 3D models, it was possible to find equations to estimate area, volume and mass of the animals. Another approach that was verified was the use of 3D models for evaluation in genetic improvement, as by the EPMURAS method. The use of 3D models to estimate surface area and volume in animals was validated. The method seems to be the best medium for estimating surface area and volume, and it certainly appears as a tool to improve research involving heat and mass transfer as well as genetic improvement.
In order to use three-dimensional (3D) modeling to estimate area, volume and mass, as well as to evaluate the impact of the deviations involved in the empirical equations available in the literature, in livestock, six shorn Corriedale sheep were weighed with mass between 10 and 105 kg and five Nelore cattle with mass between 600 and 800 kg. The animals were trained using the principles of habituation and conditioning in order to reduce the reactivity of the animals. For the measurement of the surface area, three procedures were used: empirical equation (EE) for each species, manual measurement instrument (IMM) and 3D animal modeling by photogrammetry (AR) and kinect sensor (AS_KS) scanning. A covariance analysis was performed, with the mass being covariable and a non-linear regression analysis was adjusted as a power function (allometry). Analyzing the surface area averages for sheep, in relation to the procedures used there was no difference between IMM and 3D models, as well as between 3D models, while between IMM and EE there was a significant difference. For cattle, it was observed that the 3D procedures were, on average, higher than the surface area estimates by EE (a=5%). When data were plotted on the surface area of sheep and the methods tested for body mass, empirical approximations were obtained, different from those estimated by EE in more than 11% for animals over 100 kg, while for cattle the difference between 3D and EE models was over 18%. As the adjustments of the equations with IMM and 3D models had very close growth rates and deviations between them were lower than 2%, it was verified that the use of 3D models was ratified. When plotting the data of both species, we observed excellent adjustments (R² = 0.99) and estimates consistent with those obtained by the specific equations for each breed, with deviations lower than 3.2%. Other relationships, such as volume versus surface area, were established, resulting in consistent approximations when used to estimate the volume of the animal. When the animal was considered as a Standard Horizontal Cylinder (CHP), its surface area was estimated, on average, 36% lower than those observed for the 3D and IMM models. Simulation of the heat transfer by convection gave a difference of 56% in the convection rate when the animal was considered as a CHP in relation to the 3D models and the full horizontal cylinder (HCC). When the information of the two-dimensional images (2D) was related to the information of the 3D models, it was possible to find equations to estimate area, volume and mass of the animals. Another approach that was verified was the use of 3D models for evaluation in genetic improvement, as by the EPMURAS method. The use of 3D models to estimate surface area and volume in animals was validated. The method seems to be the best medium for estimating surface area and volume, and it certainly appears as a tool to improve research involving heat and mass transfer as well as genetic improvement.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Digitalização animal em 3D, Fotogrametria, Medição do corpo animal, 3D animal scanning, Photogrammetry, Animal body measurement