A vulnerabilidade socioambiental na produção do espaço urbano da cidade de Santarém-PA
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Data
2017-11-21
Autores
Silva, Maria Julia Veiga [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A urbanização desigual tem resultado na ocupação de áreas, muitas vezes inadequadas a habitabilidade e/ou negligenciadas pelas ações do poder público, gerando vulnerabilidades de várias ordens e dimensões. Assim, a presente tese de doutorado apresenta o resultado de uma análise que relaciona a vulnerabilidade socioambiental da população ocupante de áreas, da cidade de Santarém no estado do Pará, atingidas pelas inundações, a produção do espaço urbano estruturalmente segregado. Desse modo, esse trabalho, tem o objetivo de analisar a vulnerabilidade socioambiental nas áreas sujeitas a inundações no contexto da produção do espaço na cidade de Santarém-PA, considerando seus diferentes níveis de segregação socioespacial urbana. Adotou-se como método de análise o materialismo histórico e dialético que possibilita a construção de um quadro de referência que permite relacionar as variáveis segregação socioespacial e vulnerabilidade socioambiental, contemplando tanto aspectos quantitativos quanto qualitativos relacionados às mesmas. Compõe a pesquisa empírica coleta de dados secundários e primários que foram organizados na forma de tabelas, gráficos, quadros, mapas e ilustrações. Assim, coleta de dados secundários se deu junto a Coordenadoria de Defesa Civil de Santarém que informou sobre as áreas que inundaram nos anos de 2008, 2009 e 2012; junto plataforma oficial do IBGE, visando situar algumas características socioeconômicas e socioambientais de Santarém no contexto brasileiro e paraense, assim como, para identificar essas mesmas características no contexto da cidade e dos bairros analisados; levantamentos junto ao jornal semanal Gazeta de Santarém, onde se identificou as principais obras de infraestrutura, saneamento e regularização fundiária executadas pelo poder público na cidade de Santarém, durante os anos supracitados; análise da legislação urbana e ambiental municipal, especificamente o plano diretor municipal, o código ambiental e a lei da parcelamento uso e ocupação do solo com o intuito de conhecer como as áreas de risco são tratadas nessas leis. A coleta de dados primários se deu através da aplicação de questionários junto a população dos bairros selecionados para aprofundamento da investigação, assim como, por meio da aplicação de entrevistas semiestruturadas junto as principais lideranças dos bairros e de ator social ligado a COMDEC-Santarém. A menor ou maior integração ao núcleo central de infraestrutura e serviços, oferecidos na cidade, foi o critério adotado para selecionar os bairros Mapiri e Pérola do Maicá para aprofundamento da investigação. Concluiu-se, assim, que as vulnerabilidades socioambientais dos bairros Mapiri e Pérola do Maicá são fortemente influenciados pela localização desses bairros em relação ao posicionamento distributivo dos equipamentos e serviços urbanos. As mais recentes intervenções urbanas, orientadas para a diminuição dos efeitos danosos das inundações, têm se concentrado em determinadas áreas da cidade, reforçando, ainda mais as diferentes características das vulnerabilidades socioambientais identificadas na cidade de Santarém-PA. Tal conclusão revela a importância de se analisar a vulnerabilidade socioambiental no contexto da estrutura urbana, identificando as diferentes características que assumem e as variáveis que são agregadas aos indicadores da vulnerabilidade socioambiental, ligado a um evento natural, à medida que a urbanização desigual avança pelo espaço da cidade.
The unequal urbanization has resulted in the occupation of areas, often inappropriate to inhabit and/or neglected by the actions of the public power, generating vulnerabilities of various orders and dimensions. Thus, this doctoral thesis presents the results of an analysis that relates the socio-environmental vulnerability of the occupied population of the areas in the city of Santarém in the state of Pará affected by floods to the production of structurally segregated urban space. Thus, this work has the aim of analyzing the socio-environmental vulnerability in areas subject to flooding in the context of the space production in the city of Santarém-PA by considering its different levels of urban social-spatial segregation. The historical and dialectical materialism has been adopted as a method of analysis, making it possible to construct a reference framework that allows to relate the variables – social-spatial segregation and the socio-environmental vulnerability –, covering both quantitative and qualitative aspects related to them. The empirical research comprises of secondary and primary data collection that has been arranged in graphs, charts, maps, illustration and tabular form. Thus, the secondary data collection was obtained with the COMDEC (Civil Defense Coordination) of Santarém, which reported on the flooded areas in the years 2008, 2009 and 2012; also with the official platform of IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics), aiming to situate some socioeconomic and socio-environmental characteristics of Santarém in the Brazilian and paraense context, as well as to identify those same characteristics in the context of the city and the neighborhoods analyzed; surveys with the Gazeta de Santarém weekly newspaper, where the main infrastructure, sanitation and land regularization works carried out by the public authorities in the city of Santarém during the abovementioned years; analysis of municipal urban and environmental legislation, specifically the municipal master plan, the environmental code and the law of parceling, use and occupation of the soil in order to know how the risk areas are dealt with in these laws. The primary data collection was obtained through the application of questionnaires to the population of the selected neighborhoods to deepen the research, and also with the application of semi-structured interviews with the main neighborhood leaders and social actors linked to COMDEC-Santarém. The greater or lesser integration into the central core of infrastructure and services provided by the city was the criterion adopted to select Mapiri and Pérola do Maicá neighborhoods to deepen the research. It was concluded that the socio-environmental vulnerabilities of the Mapiri and Pérola do Maicá neighborhoods are strongly influenced by their location in relation to the distributive positioning of the urban equipment and services. The most recent urban interventions, aimed at reducing the harmful effects of the floods, have been concentrated in certain areas of the city, further reinforcing the different characteristics of the socio-environmental vulnerabilities identified in the city of Santarém-PA. This conclusion reveals the importance of analyzing the socio-environmental vulnerability in the context of urban structure, identifying the different characteristics that are assumed and the variables that are added to the indicators of the socio-environmental vulnerability linked to a natural event, as the unequal urbanization advances through the city space.
The unequal urbanization has resulted in the occupation of areas, often inappropriate to inhabit and/or neglected by the actions of the public power, generating vulnerabilities of various orders and dimensions. Thus, this doctoral thesis presents the results of an analysis that relates the socio-environmental vulnerability of the occupied population of the areas in the city of Santarém in the state of Pará affected by floods to the production of structurally segregated urban space. Thus, this work has the aim of analyzing the socio-environmental vulnerability in areas subject to flooding in the context of the space production in the city of Santarém-PA by considering its different levels of urban social-spatial segregation. The historical and dialectical materialism has been adopted as a method of analysis, making it possible to construct a reference framework that allows to relate the variables – social-spatial segregation and the socio-environmental vulnerability –, covering both quantitative and qualitative aspects related to them. The empirical research comprises of secondary and primary data collection that has been arranged in graphs, charts, maps, illustration and tabular form. Thus, the secondary data collection was obtained with the COMDEC (Civil Defense Coordination) of Santarém, which reported on the flooded areas in the years 2008, 2009 and 2012; also with the official platform of IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics), aiming to situate some socioeconomic and socio-environmental characteristics of Santarém in the Brazilian and paraense context, as well as to identify those same characteristics in the context of the city and the neighborhoods analyzed; surveys with the Gazeta de Santarém weekly newspaper, where the main infrastructure, sanitation and land regularization works carried out by the public authorities in the city of Santarém during the abovementioned years; analysis of municipal urban and environmental legislation, specifically the municipal master plan, the environmental code and the law of parceling, use and occupation of the soil in order to know how the risk areas are dealt with in these laws. The primary data collection was obtained through the application of questionnaires to the population of the selected neighborhoods to deepen the research, and also with the application of semi-structured interviews with the main neighborhood leaders and social actors linked to COMDEC-Santarém. The greater or lesser integration into the central core of infrastructure and services provided by the city was the criterion adopted to select Mapiri and Pérola do Maicá neighborhoods to deepen the research. It was concluded that the socio-environmental vulnerabilities of the Mapiri and Pérola do Maicá neighborhoods are strongly influenced by their location in relation to the distributive positioning of the urban equipment and services. The most recent urban interventions, aimed at reducing the harmful effects of the floods, have been concentrated in certain areas of the city, further reinforcing the different characteristics of the socio-environmental vulnerabilities identified in the city of Santarém-PA. This conclusion reveals the importance of analyzing the socio-environmental vulnerability in the context of urban structure, identifying the different characteristics that are assumed and the variables that are added to the indicators of the socio-environmental vulnerability linked to a natural event, as the unequal urbanization advances through the city space.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Vulnerabilidade socioambiental, Segregação socio-espacial, Ocupação e produção do espaço urbano, Social-environmental vulnerability, Socio-spatial segregation, Occupation and production of urban space