Até que a eugenia nos separe: raça, saúde e a proposta do exame médico pré-nupcial no Brasil (1918-1936)
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Data
2017-11-29
Autores
Peixoto, Priscila Bermudes
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O objetivo desse trabalho consiste em analisar o debate de cunho eugenista acerca da adoção do exame médico pré-nupcial ocorrido nos meios ligados à medicina e às práticas sanitárias no Brasil, nas primeiras décadas do século XX. A medicina social, baseada em doutrinas higienistas e eugenistas, buscou intervir mais diretamente no cotidiano da população, estabelecendo normas de conduta, sob o pretexto de prevenir moléstias e epidemias. O exame pré-nupcial foi um dos aspectos desta orientação mais ampla. Sua realização era defendida por médicos que pretendiam impedir ou adiar casamentos quando um dos nubentes apresentasse alguma doença ou fatores considerados degenerativos, sempre orientados por supostas medidas preventivas imprescindíveis ao que acreditavam ser o aprimoramento racial. Observando que discurso eugênico classificou determinados indivíduos como inferiores e pretendia impedir a reprodução destes, esta pesquisa busca compreender em que medida a questão da raça esteve presente na proposta de intervenção matrimonial. Tomando como referência a noção de discurso como um conjunto de regras adequado à sua prática, constituído por conflitos e tensões internas, procura-se demonstrar como os eugenistas tentaram impor seu saber à sociedade, ou seja, quais eram suas motivações para transformar o exame pré-nupcial em uma lei aplicável em todo o país. Analisa-se ainda as controvérsias e objeções reclamadas por seus críticos, notando como estas e a própria realidade do país contribuíram para que determinadas políticas eugênicas não fossem adotadas, a exemplo da obrigatoriedade do exame pré-nupcial.
The aim of this paper is to analyze the eugenicist medical discourse about the premarital medical examination occurred in the medical environment and the sanitary practices in Brazil, in the early decades of the twentieth century. The social medicine, based on the hygienist and eugenicist doctrines, would intervene in the daily basis of the population by establishing standards of conduct, intending to prevent diseases and epidemics. The prenuptial exam was one of the aspects of this wider orientation. The defense of its realization, gathered doctors who could prevent or postpone marriages when one of the spouses had any disease, always guided by supposed preventive and necessary measures concerning what they believed to be a racial enhancement. Noticing that the eugenic speech classified some people as inferior and it was supposed to stop their reproduction, this research aims to understand in which measure the question about race was present in the proposal of matrimonial intervention. Taking as a reference the notion of the discourse as a group of rules appropriate to its practice, constituted by conflicts and intern tensions, we are going to show how the doctors tried to impose their knowledge to society, in other words, what were their motivations to transform the premarital examination in an applicable law in all over the country. It also analyzes the controversies and objections claimed by the critics, noting how these and the reality of the country contributed to the fact that certain eugenic policies were not adopted, such as the compulsory prenuptial examination.
The aim of this paper is to analyze the eugenicist medical discourse about the premarital medical examination occurred in the medical environment and the sanitary practices in Brazil, in the early decades of the twentieth century. The social medicine, based on the hygienist and eugenicist doctrines, would intervene in the daily basis of the population by establishing standards of conduct, intending to prevent diseases and epidemics. The prenuptial exam was one of the aspects of this wider orientation. The defense of its realization, gathered doctors who could prevent or postpone marriages when one of the spouses had any disease, always guided by supposed preventive and necessary measures concerning what they believed to be a racial enhancement. Noticing that the eugenic speech classified some people as inferior and it was supposed to stop their reproduction, this research aims to understand in which measure the question about race was present in the proposal of matrimonial intervention. Taking as a reference the notion of the discourse as a group of rules appropriate to its practice, constituted by conflicts and intern tensions, we are going to show how the doctors tried to impose their knowledge to society, in other words, what were their motivations to transform the premarital examination in an applicable law in all over the country. It also analyzes the controversies and objections claimed by the critics, noting how these and the reality of the country contributed to the fact that certain eugenic policies were not adopted, such as the compulsory prenuptial examination.
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Palavras-chave
Exame médico pré-nupcial, Eugenia, Raça, História da medicina, História do Brasil, Prenuptial medical examination, Eugenics, Race, Medical History, Brazilian History