Efeito da graduação do módulo elástico na vida útil e resistência de restaurações cerâmicas
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Data
2017-12-07
Autores
Perdigão, Karen Cristina Archangelo
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a distribuição de tensão, resistência, confiabilidade e vida útil de diferentes configurações cerâmicas dispostas em multicamadas, compostas por materiais cerâmicos de módulos de elasticidade distintos, comparando-as a modelos monocamadas. Para o delineamento dos modelos teórico e experimental, foram utilizadas as cerâmicas usinadas, com respectivos módulos elásticos: Feldspática (F): 64 GPa; dissilicato de lítio (L): 95 GPa; Zircônia tetragonal policristalina parcialmente estabilizada por ítrio (Y): 209,3 GPa. No estudo teórico foi utilizada a análise de elementos finitos, e foram desenhados dois modelos em 3D de um primeiro molar superior num software CAD para simular uma restauração monolítica (espessura: 1,5 mm) e uma restauração multicamadas (3 camadas cerâmicas de 0,4 mm + 2 camadas de cimento de 0,15 mm, totalizando de 1,5 mm de espessura). Foram preconizados 3 grupos monolíticos: F, L e Y; e 5 grupos multicamadas: FLY (F + L + Y), FFY (F + F + Y), LLY (L + L + Y), LFY (L + F + Y); YLF (Y + L + F), correspondente ao modelo bioinspirado. Foi aplicada uma carga de 150 N em três áreas de contato na fossa central e a tensão máxima principal (MPS) foi calculada em cada camada. O pico de tensão obtido (MPa) em cada camada de cada grupo foi: F: 10,55; Y: 18,48; L: 12,26; LFY: 25,58/3,96/26,82; LLY: 22,07/7,18/24,04; FFY: 22,58/6,26/28,99; FLY: 20,11/9,68/24,98; YLF: 39,44/7,18/5,42. Desta forma, foi possível constatar que a gradação do módulo elástico, com maior E externamente e menor E na região mais interna, proporcionou menor tensão nas camadas internas da restauração. Com o objetivo de validar os achados, foi proposto o modelo experimental simplificado, no qual foram utilizados discos cerâmicos de espessuras 0,3 mm e 1,5 mm. Os discos de 0,3 mm foram dispostos em 4 camadas, cimentados com cimento químico (Multilink N), e os discos de 1,5 mm não receberam nenhum tratamento, de modo que a espessura final dos espécimes fossem 1,5 mm (±0,15 mm). Foram obtidos 6 grupos: F (F: monolítico de 1,5 mm); L (L: monolítico de 1,5 mm); LLFF (L + L + F + F); FFLL (F + F + L + L); YLFF (Y + L + F + F); YLLF (Y + L + L + F). A carga para a fratura foi obtida através do ensaio de flexão biaxial (n=10; 1000 kgf, velocidade 1,0 mm/min) até a ocorrência de falha. Os dados foram analisados através de ANOVA-1 fator e comparações múltiplas de Tukey (5%). O ensaio de flexão biaxial foi também simulado através da análise de elementos finitos para identificar a tensão de tração gerada em cada camada dos grupos. O limite de fadiga (100.000 ciclos; 20 Hz) foi determinado através do método de escada (staircase). A análise de fratura foi realizada através de estereomicroscópio e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados mostraram valores de carga para a fratura (N) seguindo a ordem: L (592,88 ± 73,78)D > FFLL (319,78 ± 43,59)C > YLLF (246,75 ± 24,89)B > F (167,13 ± 9,84)A > YLFF (166,51 ± 15,24)A > LLFF (165,46 ± 22,75)A; e limite de resistência à fadiga (N): L (310,92 ± 26.73)F > FFLL (190,17 ± 8.32)E > F (106,21 ± 2.81)D > YLLF (96,48 ± 5.73)C > YLFF (89,56 ± 2.38)B > LLFF (77,23 ± 6.33)A. Ocorreram falhas em todos os grupos, sendo o local de origem na superfície de tração, coincidente com o local de maior tensão de tração analisado pelo método dos elementos finitos. Desta forma, concluiu-se que o modelo teórico evidenciou melhor desempenho de restaurações bioinspiradas, entretanto, no modelo experimental, a resistência do conjunto foi guiada pelo material na região de tração e a interface adesiva foi um fator limitante, com necessidade de se desenvolver uma estrutura bioinspirada de forma homogênea para validar os achados do modelo teórico.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the strength, reliability and useful life of different ceramic configurations arranged in multilayers, composed of ceramic materials with different elastic moduli, comparing them to monolayer models. For the design of the theoretical and experimental models, machined ceramics were used, with respective elastic modulus: feldspathic (F), 64 GPa; lithium disilicate (L), 95 GPa; and Yttrium-partially stabilized tetragonal zirconia (Y-TZP) (Y), 209.3 GPa. In the theoretical study it was used the Finite Element Analyses, Two 3D upper first molar models were generated in CAD software in order to simulate monolayer (1.5 mm thickness) and multilayer restorations (3 ceramic layers of 0.4 mm + 2 cement layers of 0.15 mm, with a final thickness of 1.5 mm. The following groups were obtained: Monolithic groups: F, L and Y; Multilayer groups: FLY (F + L + Y), FFY (F + F + Y), LLY (L + L + Y), LFY (L + F + Y); and a Bioinspired Multilayer group: YLF (Y + L + F). Maximum principal stress (MPS) was calculated on each layer through a load of 150 N in three contact areas in the central fossa. The tensile strength peaks (MPa) were F: 10.55, Y: 18.48, L: 12.26, LFY: 25.58/3.96/26.82, LLY: 22.07/7.18/24.04, FFY: 22.58/6.26/28.99, FLY: 20.11/9.68/24.98 and YLF: 39.44/7.18/5.42. F and L ceramics did not prevent stress dissipation in the inner layers, and Y provided a decrease in tensile stress in the inner layers when used in the outermost layer in ZLF group. Multilayer ceramics with a larger external E modulus and a smaller internal modulus provided less stress in the innermost layers of the restoration. To validate these findings an experimental simplified model was preconized in order to obtain discs of 0.3 mm and 1.5 mm thickness. The 0.3 mm discs were arranged in 4 layers cemented with chemical cement (Multilink N), and the 1.5 mm discs were not treated, in such a way that the final thickness of all specimens was 1.5 mm (± 0.15 mm). The following 6 groups were obtained: F (F: monolithic); L (L: monolithic); LLFF (L + L + F + F); FFLL (F + F + L + L); YLFF (Y + L + F + F); YLLF (Y + L + L + F). The loads to fracture were obtained using the biaxial flexure strength test (1000 kgf, 1 mm/min) until failure and data were analyzed using ANOVA-1 way and Tukey's multiple comparisons (5%). The biaxial bending test was also simulated through finite element analysis (FEA) to identify the tensile stress generated at each layer of the groups. Mean flexural fatigue limits (100,000 cycles; 20 Hz) were determined under stair case approach. The fracture analysis was performed by stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscopy. The load to fracture (N) were obtained as follow L (592,88 ± 73,78)D > FFLL (319,78 ± 43,59)C > YLLF (246,75 ± 24,89)B > F (167,13 ± 9,84)A > YLFF (166,51 ± 15,24)A > LLFF (165,46 ± 22,75)A; and the fatigue limit (N): L (310,92 ± 26.73)F > FFLL (190,17 ± 8.32)E > F (106,21 ± 2.81)D > YLLF (96,48 ± 5.73)C > YLFF (89,56 ± 2.38)B > LLFF (77,23 ± 6.33)A. All the groups presented failures and the origin were located at the tension region of the discs, as encountered in FEA. Thus, it was concluded that the theoretical model showed better performance of bioinspired restorations, however, in the experimental model the material under tension was mandatory for the resistance of the restoration, the adhesive interface negatively influenced the biomechanical behavior of the multilayer structures and there is a need to develop a homogeneous bio-inspired structure to validate the findings of the theoretical model.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the strength, reliability and useful life of different ceramic configurations arranged in multilayers, composed of ceramic materials with different elastic moduli, comparing them to monolayer models. For the design of the theoretical and experimental models, machined ceramics were used, with respective elastic modulus: feldspathic (F), 64 GPa; lithium disilicate (L), 95 GPa; and Yttrium-partially stabilized tetragonal zirconia (Y-TZP) (Y), 209.3 GPa. In the theoretical study it was used the Finite Element Analyses, Two 3D upper first molar models were generated in CAD software in order to simulate monolayer (1.5 mm thickness) and multilayer restorations (3 ceramic layers of 0.4 mm + 2 cement layers of 0.15 mm, with a final thickness of 1.5 mm. The following groups were obtained: Monolithic groups: F, L and Y; Multilayer groups: FLY (F + L + Y), FFY (F + F + Y), LLY (L + L + Y), LFY (L + F + Y); and a Bioinspired Multilayer group: YLF (Y + L + F). Maximum principal stress (MPS) was calculated on each layer through a load of 150 N in three contact areas in the central fossa. The tensile strength peaks (MPa) were F: 10.55, Y: 18.48, L: 12.26, LFY: 25.58/3.96/26.82, LLY: 22.07/7.18/24.04, FFY: 22.58/6.26/28.99, FLY: 20.11/9.68/24.98 and YLF: 39.44/7.18/5.42. F and L ceramics did not prevent stress dissipation in the inner layers, and Y provided a decrease in tensile stress in the inner layers when used in the outermost layer in ZLF group. Multilayer ceramics with a larger external E modulus and a smaller internal modulus provided less stress in the innermost layers of the restoration. To validate these findings an experimental simplified model was preconized in order to obtain discs of 0.3 mm and 1.5 mm thickness. The 0.3 mm discs were arranged in 4 layers cemented with chemical cement (Multilink N), and the 1.5 mm discs were not treated, in such a way that the final thickness of all specimens was 1.5 mm (± 0.15 mm). The following 6 groups were obtained: F (F: monolithic); L (L: monolithic); LLFF (L + L + F + F); FFLL (F + F + L + L); YLFF (Y + L + F + F); YLLF (Y + L + L + F). The loads to fracture were obtained using the biaxial flexure strength test (1000 kgf, 1 mm/min) until failure and data were analyzed using ANOVA-1 way and Tukey's multiple comparisons (5%). The biaxial bending test was also simulated through finite element analysis (FEA) to identify the tensile stress generated at each layer of the groups. Mean flexural fatigue limits (100,000 cycles; 20 Hz) were determined under stair case approach. The fracture analysis was performed by stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscopy. The load to fracture (N) were obtained as follow L (592,88 ± 73,78)D > FFLL (319,78 ± 43,59)C > YLLF (246,75 ± 24,89)B > F (167,13 ± 9,84)A > YLFF (166,51 ± 15,24)A > LLFF (165,46 ± 22,75)A; and the fatigue limit (N): L (310,92 ± 26.73)F > FFLL (190,17 ± 8.32)E > F (106,21 ± 2.81)D > YLLF (96,48 ± 5.73)C > YLFF (89,56 ± 2.38)B > LLFF (77,23 ± 6.33)A. All the groups presented failures and the origin were located at the tension region of the discs, as encountered in FEA. Thus, it was concluded that the theoretical model showed better performance of bioinspired restorations, however, in the experimental model the material under tension was mandatory for the resistance of the restoration, the adhesive interface negatively influenced the biomechanical behavior of the multilayer structures and there is a need to develop a homogeneous bio-inspired structure to validate the findings of the theoretical model.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Cerâmica, Materiais dentários, Módulo elástico, Tensão de tração, Fadiga, Análise de elementos finitos, Ceramics, Dental materials, Tensile strength, Fatigue, Finite element analysis