Complicações em pacientes submetidos a cirurgias de joelho, quadril e coluna vertebral
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Data
2018-02-06
Autores
Barbosa, Talita de Almeida
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Justificativa e objetivos: a população mundial está envelhecendo, implicando em aumento na incidência de doenças musculoesqueléticas com necessidade cirúrgica. Lesões geriátricas típicas acomentem quadril, joelho e coluna. Procedimentos cirúrgicos nesta população são de alto risco de morbimortalidade e há falta de dados nacionais sobre esses desfechos. O objetivo primário deste estudo foi descrever e analisar os eventos adversos associados ao tratamento cirúrgico para correção de fratura de fêmur, para coxartrose, para doenças da coluna vertebral e para artroplastia total de joelho, com particular atenção para taxas e causas específicas de mortalidade. Métodos: foi realizado estudo prospectivo, observacional, para avaliar as complicações perioperatórias em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia para correção de doenças de quadril, joelho e coluna. Os pacientes foram avaliados segundo questionário pré-operatório e realizado acompanhamento durante o primeiro ano de pós-operatório com dados do prontuário eletrônico e contatos telefônicos. Na análise descritiva, as variáveis foram expressas em média±desvio padrão e em porcentagens, ou em medianas e quartis. O teste de Mann-Whitney foi aplicado para a análise estatística, pois as variáveis não apresentaram distribuição normal. Foi realizada regressão logística para as variáveis categóricas e contínuas, expressando razão de chances de óbito. A sobrevida foi avaliada pelo modelo de Kaplan-Meier. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas por meio do software IBM SPSS STATISTICS V.21. Resultados: foram arrolados 400 pacientes candidatos a participar do estudo. Contudo, 38 pacientes foram excluídos por diferentes razões. Entre os 362 pacientes incluídos, 54 foram submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico de coxartrose, 210 à cirurgia para correção de fratura de fêmur (FF), 10 à artroplastia total de joelho (ATJ) e 88 foram submetidos à cirurgia de coluna. A maioria dos pacientes submetidos à ATJ eram do sexo feminino (80,0%), apresentaram média de idade de 69,0±9,9 anos, 90% foram classificados como ASA I ou II e 60% são hipertensos. Em relação às complicações pós-operatórias, um paciente apresentou distúrbio hidroeletrolítico, lesão renal aguda (LRA) e pneumonia e outro apresentou depressão no acompanhamento de um ano de pós-operatório. Não houve óbito durante o seguimento. Dos pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de coluna, 52,3% eram do sexo masculino. A média de idade foi de 62,5±10,3 anos e 79,5% eram ASA III ou IV. Em relação às comorbidades prévias à cirurgia, 45,5% eram hipertensos e 25% diabéticos. A complicação pós-operatória mais frequente neste grupo foi distúrbio hidroeletrolítico (25,0%). A taxa de mortalidade foi de 13,6% em 1 ano, tendo com principal causa de óbito infecção seguida de choque séptico (41,7%). Pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de coluna que apresentaram ASA ≥ III cursaram com menor sobrevida em um ano. Metade dos pacientes submetidos à cirurgia para coxartrose eram do sexo feminino. A média de idade foi de 66,3 ± 8,3 anos e 88,9% eram ASA I ou II. Em relação às comorbidades prévias à cirurgia, 64,9% hipertensos, 22,2% hipotireoideos e 14,8% diabéticos. As complicações pósoperatórias mais frequentes foram depressão (5,6%), distúrbio hidroeletrolítico (5,6%) e pneumonia (5,6%). Nenhum paciente faleceu no seguimento de um ano. Em relação à cirurgia para correção de FF, 73,3% dos pacientes eram do sexo feminino. A média de idade foi de 75,2 ± 12,5 anos, 50,5% dos pacientes eram ASA III ou IV. Em relação às comorbidades, 42,4% eram hipertensos e 17,6% eram diabéticos. As complicações pós-operatórias mais frequentes neste grupo foram alterações eletrolíticas (18,6%), alterações cognitivas (12,4%), pneumonia (10,5%) e infecção do trato urinário (10,0%). Sessenta indivíduos do grupo de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia para correção de FF foram a óbito (taxa de mortalidade = 28,6%), tendo como causa principal a infecção seguida de choque séptico (31,7%). Pacientes submetidos à cirurgia para tratamento de FF que apresentaram idade ≥ 78 anos, ASA ≥ III, delirium hipoativo pré-operatório, alteração cognitiva pós-operatória, distúrbio hidroeletrolítico pós-operatório e LRA pós-operatória cursaram com menor sobrevida em um ano. Após análise de regressão logística, obteve-se que, com o aumento de cada ano na idade, há aumento correspondente de 4,1% da razão de chanches de óbito nos pacientes com FF. Pacientes com FF classificados como ASA III ou IV apresentaram razão de chances de óbito aumentada em 2,0 vezes quando comparados aos ASA I ou II. A presença de delirium hipoativo no pré-operatório aumentou em dezoito vezes a razão de chances de óbito nestes pacientes, assim como a presença de distúrbio hidroeletrolítico pós-operatório aumentou em 8,4 vezes a razão de chances de óbito. Conclusões: as cirurgias de quadril, joelho e coluna na população estudada relacionaram-se com alta prevalência de complicações pósoperatórias. Não houve óbitos relacionados à cirurgia de ATJ ou ao tratamento de coxartrose. As complicações perioperatórias mais frequentes em todos os grupos foram os distúrbios hidroeletrolíticos. A taxa de mortalidade encontrada na população de FF no primeiro ano de seguimento foi de 28,6%, enquanto a taxa de mortalidade nos pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de coluna foi de 13,6%. Pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de coluna classificados como ASA ≥ III apresentaram menor sobrevida em um ano. Idade avançada, ASA ≥ III, delirium hipoativo pré-operatório, alteração cognitiva pós-operatória, distúrbio hidroeletrolítico pós-operatório e LRA pós-operatória foram preditores de menor taxa de sobrevida em um ano no pós-operatório de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia para correção de FF. O aumento de cada ano na idade, pacientes classificados como ASA III ou IV, a presença de delirium hipoativo no período pré-operatório e a presença de distúrbio hidroeletrolítico pós-operatório aumentaram a razão de chances de óbito para os pacientes submetidos à cirurgia para correção de FF.
Background: surgery for musculoskeletal conditions is among of the fastest growing groups of surgical procedures across the world. Patients undergoing these surgical procedures are at high risk of postoperative complications. At present, however, we lack robust data on postoperative outcomes for the most frequent performed musculoskeletal surgical procedures in Brazil. Accordingly, we aimed to describe and analyze adverse events associated with musculoskeletal surgical procedures, with focus on cause-specific mortality. Methods: we propose a prospective observational clinical trial using data from a preoperative questionnaire and from the electronic medical records of the Clinics Hospital of Botucatu Medical School, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Patients admitted to the hospital for surgical procedures performed for hip fracture, and for hip, knee, and spinal surgeries were enrolled in the study. Measures of health care use associated with the principal surgical procedure included length of hospital stay, readmission to hospital, and mortality. Postoperative complications were evaluated at moments within the first postoperative year (one week, one month, four months, and one year after surgery). Variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation and percentages or median and quartis for the descriptive analysis. Mann-Whitney test was applied when variables did not present with a normal distribution. Survival curves were assessed by the Kaplan- Meier model. Results: through the electronic medical record system, 400 patients were enrolled to participate in the study (97 of spine, 10 of total knee joint arthroplasty (TKA), 54 of coxarthrosis and 239 of femoral fracture (FF). However, 9 individuals of the spine were excluded from the study due to preoperative death (1) and conservative treatment (8), and 29 patients from FF were excluded from preoperative death (17), non-surgical conservative treatment (1), they underwent pelvic fracture correction surgery (5), they did not accept to participate in the study (4) or the surgery was performed in another service (2). Among the 362 patients, 54 were submitted to surgical treatment of coxarthrosis, 210 to surgery for correction of femoral fracture (FF), 10 to total knee arthroplasty due to arthrosis in the joint (TKA) and 88 underwent spinal surgery. The majority of patients submitted to TKA were female (80.0%). Mean age of 69.0 ± 9.9 years, 90.0% are ASA I or II, 60.0% are hypertensive. 1 patient presented hydroelectrolytic disturbance, acute renal injury (AKI) anda pneumonia and 1 presented depression at 1-year post-operative follow-up. There was no death during the follow-up. Of the patients in the spine, 52.3% were male. The mean age was 62.5 ± 10.3 years, 79.5% were ASA III or IV. 45.5% hypertensive, 25.0% diabetic. The most frequent postoperative complication was hydroelectrolytic disturbance (25.0%). The mortality rate was 13.6% at 1 year, with the main cause of death being infection followed by septic shock (41.7%). Patients submitted to spine surgery who presented ASA ≥ III had a shorter survival in one year. Half of the patients undergoing surgery for coxarthrosis were female. The mean age was 66.3 ± 8.3 years, 88.9% ASA I or II, 64.9% hypertensive, 22.2% hypothyroid, 14.8% diabetic. The most frequent postoperative complications were depression (5.6%), hydroelectrolytic disturbance (5.6%), and pneumonia (5.6%). No patient died in 1 year. 73.3% of the patients submitted to FF correction surgery were female. The mean age was 75.2 ± 12.5 years, 50.5% ASA III or IV, 42.4% hypertensive and 17.6% diabetic. The most frequent postoperative complications in FF patients were electrolytic alterations (18.6), cognitive alterations (12.4%), pneumonia (10.5%) and urinary tract infection (10.0%). Sixty patients from the group of patients submitted to FF correction surgery were submitted to death (mortality rate = 28.6%). The main causes were undetermined (40.0%) and infection followed by septic shock (31.7%). Patients with ASA ≥ III, aged ≥ 78 years, with preoperative hypoactive delirium, with postoperative cognitive alteration, with postoperative hydroelectrolytic disturbance and acute postoperative renal injury were found to be the lowest survival rate in one year of patients undergoing FF. After performing a logistic regression analysis with the data of the patient’s submitted to surgical treatment for FF correction, it was obtained that with the increase of each year in age, there is a corresponding increase of 4.1% of the death rate ratio. Patients classified as ASA III or IV presents the odds ratio for death increased by 2.0 times when compared to ASA I or II. The presence of hypoactive delirium preoperatively increases the odds ratio of death by eighteen times. The presence of a postoperative hydroelectrolytic disorder increases the odds of death by 8.4 times. Conclusions: the hip, knee and spine surgeries in the study population were related to a high prevalence of postoperative complications. There were no deaths related to TKA or to treatment of coxarthrosis. The most frequent perioperative complications in all groups were hydroelectrolytic disorders. The mortality rate found in the FF population in the first year of follow-up was 28.6%, while the mortality rate in patients undergoing spinal surgery was 13.6%. Advanced age, ASA ≥ III, preoperative hypoactive delirium, postoperative cognitive alteration, postoperative hydroelectrolytic disturbance and acute postoperative renal injury were predictors of lower postoperative survival rate of FF. The increase of each year in age, patients classified as ASA III or IV, the presence of hypoactive delirium in the preoperative period and the presence of hydroelectrolytic postoperative disorder increase the odds ratio of death for patients undergoing surgery for correction of FF.
Background: surgery for musculoskeletal conditions is among of the fastest growing groups of surgical procedures across the world. Patients undergoing these surgical procedures are at high risk of postoperative complications. At present, however, we lack robust data on postoperative outcomes for the most frequent performed musculoskeletal surgical procedures in Brazil. Accordingly, we aimed to describe and analyze adverse events associated with musculoskeletal surgical procedures, with focus on cause-specific mortality. Methods: we propose a prospective observational clinical trial using data from a preoperative questionnaire and from the electronic medical records of the Clinics Hospital of Botucatu Medical School, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Patients admitted to the hospital for surgical procedures performed for hip fracture, and for hip, knee, and spinal surgeries were enrolled in the study. Measures of health care use associated with the principal surgical procedure included length of hospital stay, readmission to hospital, and mortality. Postoperative complications were evaluated at moments within the first postoperative year (one week, one month, four months, and one year after surgery). Variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation and percentages or median and quartis for the descriptive analysis. Mann-Whitney test was applied when variables did not present with a normal distribution. Survival curves were assessed by the Kaplan- Meier model. Results: through the electronic medical record system, 400 patients were enrolled to participate in the study (97 of spine, 10 of total knee joint arthroplasty (TKA), 54 of coxarthrosis and 239 of femoral fracture (FF). However, 9 individuals of the spine were excluded from the study due to preoperative death (1) and conservative treatment (8), and 29 patients from FF were excluded from preoperative death (17), non-surgical conservative treatment (1), they underwent pelvic fracture correction surgery (5), they did not accept to participate in the study (4) or the surgery was performed in another service (2). Among the 362 patients, 54 were submitted to surgical treatment of coxarthrosis, 210 to surgery for correction of femoral fracture (FF), 10 to total knee arthroplasty due to arthrosis in the joint (TKA) and 88 underwent spinal surgery. The majority of patients submitted to TKA were female (80.0%). Mean age of 69.0 ± 9.9 years, 90.0% are ASA I or II, 60.0% are hypertensive. 1 patient presented hydroelectrolytic disturbance, acute renal injury (AKI) anda pneumonia and 1 presented depression at 1-year post-operative follow-up. There was no death during the follow-up. Of the patients in the spine, 52.3% were male. The mean age was 62.5 ± 10.3 years, 79.5% were ASA III or IV. 45.5% hypertensive, 25.0% diabetic. The most frequent postoperative complication was hydroelectrolytic disturbance (25.0%). The mortality rate was 13.6% at 1 year, with the main cause of death being infection followed by septic shock (41.7%). Patients submitted to spine surgery who presented ASA ≥ III had a shorter survival in one year. Half of the patients undergoing surgery for coxarthrosis were female. The mean age was 66.3 ± 8.3 years, 88.9% ASA I or II, 64.9% hypertensive, 22.2% hypothyroid, 14.8% diabetic. The most frequent postoperative complications were depression (5.6%), hydroelectrolytic disturbance (5.6%), and pneumonia (5.6%). No patient died in 1 year. 73.3% of the patients submitted to FF correction surgery were female. The mean age was 75.2 ± 12.5 years, 50.5% ASA III or IV, 42.4% hypertensive and 17.6% diabetic. The most frequent postoperative complications in FF patients were electrolytic alterations (18.6), cognitive alterations (12.4%), pneumonia (10.5%) and urinary tract infection (10.0%). Sixty patients from the group of patients submitted to FF correction surgery were submitted to death (mortality rate = 28.6%). The main causes were undetermined (40.0%) and infection followed by septic shock (31.7%). Patients with ASA ≥ III, aged ≥ 78 years, with preoperative hypoactive delirium, with postoperative cognitive alteration, with postoperative hydroelectrolytic disturbance and acute postoperative renal injury were found to be the lowest survival rate in one year of patients undergoing FF. After performing a logistic regression analysis with the data of the patient’s submitted to surgical treatment for FF correction, it was obtained that with the increase of each year in age, there is a corresponding increase of 4.1% of the death rate ratio. Patients classified as ASA III or IV presents the odds ratio for death increased by 2.0 times when compared to ASA I or II. The presence of hypoactive delirium preoperatively increases the odds ratio of death by eighteen times. The presence of a postoperative hydroelectrolytic disorder increases the odds of death by 8.4 times. Conclusions: the hip, knee and spine surgeries in the study population were related to a high prevalence of postoperative complications. There were no deaths related to TKA or to treatment of coxarthrosis. The most frequent perioperative complications in all groups were hydroelectrolytic disorders. The mortality rate found in the FF population in the first year of follow-up was 28.6%, while the mortality rate in patients undergoing spinal surgery was 13.6%. Advanced age, ASA ≥ III, preoperative hypoactive delirium, postoperative cognitive alteration, postoperative hydroelectrolytic disturbance and acute postoperative renal injury were predictors of lower postoperative survival rate of FF. The increase of each year in age, patients classified as ASA III or IV, the presence of hypoactive delirium in the preoperative period and the presence of hydroelectrolytic postoperative disorder increase the odds ratio of death for patients undergoing surgery for correction of FF.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
fraturas do fêmur, doenças da coluna vertebral, complicações pós-operatórias, mortalidade, fatores de risco, femoral fractures, spinal diseases, postoperative complications, mortality, risk factors