Citogenética, citotaxonomia e cariossistemática de moscas de importância forense
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2018-02-19
Autores
Nunes, Giovana Menezes
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O desenvolvimento da entomologia forense no país tem sido concretizado pelos estudos de insetos das ordens Diptera e Coleoptera, sendo os dípteros considerados o principal grupo de interesse médico legal. Geralmente, o primeiro grupo de insetos a colonizar um cadáver são as varejeiras, mais especificamente, as moscas da família Calliphoridae e Sarcophagidae, seguido do grupo Fanniidae, presente no quarto e quinto estágio de decomposição do cadáver. Ao se estabelecer as principais diretrizes e metas da entomologia forense no Brasil, destacou-se a necessidade do conhecimento taxonômico dos grupos de interesse forense, uma vez que, sem essas informações, não é possível realizar a identificação segura das espécies. Em casos de espécies próximas evolutivamente, por exemplo, os caracteres morfológicos podem ser insuficientes para diferenciá-las, sendo necessários outros métodos de análise para auxiliar na categorização distinta dos táxons como, por exemplo, análises citogenéticas e moleculares. Assim como pode ocorrer erros na distinção entre as moscas adultas (o que levou a diversas sinonimizações de espécies dos grupos Sarcophagidae e Fanniidae), para distinguir as larvas é um processo ainda mais complicado, por apresentarem uma morfologia extremamente similar. Dessa forma, o presente projeto teve como objetivo descrever as características citogenéticas de larvas de terceiro instar de Fannia sabrosky (Seago, 1954) (Fanniidae) e Peckia (Squamatodes) ingens (Walker, 1849) (Sarcophagidae) e comparar com os dados citogenéticos descritos na literatura para todas outras espécies da ordem Diptera de importância forense, com ênfase biológica (biologia reprodutiva), taxonômica (citotaxonômica e cariossistemática) e evolutiva. Nossos resultados demonstraram que P. (S.) ingens (2n=10) e F. sabrosky (2n=14) possuem cariótipos incomuns quando comparados as outras varejeiras (2n = 12), o que possibilita distingui-las de outros sarcofagídeos, califorídeos e muscídeos presentes na fauna cadavérica. P. (S.) ingens e F. sabrosky também puderam ser diferenciadas pelas análises citogenéticas do cromocentro, da heterocromatina, do nucléolo e da atividade transcricional. Além disso, caracterizamos pela primeira vez as fases de espermatogênese dessas espécies, destacando a importância dessas ferramentas para a entomologia forense.
The development of the forensic entomology in the country has been concretized by the insect studies of the orders Diptera and Coleoptera, being dipterous considered the main group of legal medical interest. Generally, the first group of insects to colonize a corpse are the blowflies, more specifically the flies of the family Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae, followed by the group Fanniidae, present in the fourth and fifth stage of decomposition of the corpse. When establishing the main guidelines and goals of forensic entomology in Brazil, the need for taxonomic knowledge of forensic interest groups was emphasized, since, without this information, it is not possible to carry out the safe identification of the species. In cases of evolutionarily close species, for example, morphological characters may be insufficient to differentiate them, and other methods of analysis are necessary to aid in the distinct categorization of taxa such as cytogenetic and molecular analyzes. As errors can occur in the distinction between adult flies (which led to several species synonyms of Sarcophagidae and Fanniidae), to distinguish the larvae is an even more complicated process, because they present an extremely similar morphology. Thus, the present project aims to describe the cytogenetic characteristics of larvae from the third instar of Fannia sabrosky (Seago, 1954) (Fanniidae) and Peckia (Squamatodes) ingens (Walker, 1849) (Sarcophagidae) and compare it with the cytogenetic data described in the literature for all other species of the order Diptera of forensic importance, with biological emphasis (reproductive biology), taxonomic (cytotaxonomic and karyosystematic) and evolutionary. Our results showed that P. (S.) ingens (2n = 10) and F. sabrosky (2n = 14) have uncommon karyotypes when compared to others blowflies (2n = 12), which makes it possible to distinguish them from others sarcophagids, calliphorids and muscids present in the cadaverous fauna. P. (S.) ingens and F. sabrosky could also be differentiated by cytogenetic analyzes of chromocenter, heterochromatin, nucleolus and transcriptional activity. In addition, we characterize for the first time the phases of spermatogenesis of these species, highlighting the importance of these tools for forensic entomology.
The development of the forensic entomology in the country has been concretized by the insect studies of the orders Diptera and Coleoptera, being dipterous considered the main group of legal medical interest. Generally, the first group of insects to colonize a corpse are the blowflies, more specifically the flies of the family Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae, followed by the group Fanniidae, present in the fourth and fifth stage of decomposition of the corpse. When establishing the main guidelines and goals of forensic entomology in Brazil, the need for taxonomic knowledge of forensic interest groups was emphasized, since, without this information, it is not possible to carry out the safe identification of the species. In cases of evolutionarily close species, for example, morphological characters may be insufficient to differentiate them, and other methods of analysis are necessary to aid in the distinct categorization of taxa such as cytogenetic and molecular analyzes. As errors can occur in the distinction between adult flies (which led to several species synonyms of Sarcophagidae and Fanniidae), to distinguish the larvae is an even more complicated process, because they present an extremely similar morphology. Thus, the present project aims to describe the cytogenetic characteristics of larvae from the third instar of Fannia sabrosky (Seago, 1954) (Fanniidae) and Peckia (Squamatodes) ingens (Walker, 1849) (Sarcophagidae) and compare it with the cytogenetic data described in the literature for all other species of the order Diptera of forensic importance, with biological emphasis (reproductive biology), taxonomic (cytotaxonomic and karyosystematic) and evolutionary. Our results showed that P. (S.) ingens (2n = 10) and F. sabrosky (2n = 14) have uncommon karyotypes when compared to others blowflies (2n = 12), which makes it possible to distinguish them from others sarcophagids, calliphorids and muscids present in the cadaverous fauna. P. (S.) ingens and F. sabrosky could also be differentiated by cytogenetic analyzes of chromocenter, heterochromatin, nucleolus and transcriptional activity. In addition, we characterize for the first time the phases of spermatogenesis of these species, highlighting the importance of these tools for forensic entomology.
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Entomologia forense, Fannia sabrosky, Peckia (Squamatodes) ingens, Varejeiras, Cromossomos, Espermatogênese, Forensic entomology, Blowflies, Chromosomes, Spermatogenesis