Impacto da ingestão de carboidratos simples e gordura sobre parâmetros metabólicos, inflamatórios e pró-oxidantes no plasma e no tecido adiposo independente de obesidade
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Data
2018-02-27
Autores
Garcia, Jéssica Leite
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
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Introdução: O padrão alimentar atual é conhecido como dieta ocidental composta por grandes quantidades de carboidratos simples e gordura. O consumo desse tipo de dieta é frequentemente associado às complicações metabólicas e comorbidades decorrentes da disfunção do tecido adiposo em condição de obesidade. Os adipócitos hipertrofiados liberam maior quantidade de adipocinas como a leptina e resistina e os macrófagos residentes respondem liberando citocinas pró-inflamatórias como Interleucina-6 (IL-6) e Fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-α) e quimiocinas. O estresse oxidativo também é desencadeado na condição de hipertrofia, ampliando a resposta inflamatória. A literatura relata que determinados nutrientes podem levar à inflamação do tecido adiposo independente da obesidade. Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto de uma dieta rica em carboidratos simples e gordura sobre parâmetros metabólicos plasmáticos e parâmetros inflamatórios e pró-oxidantes no tecido adiposo independente de obesidade. Materiais e métodos: Esse estudo foi aprovado pela Comissão Ética no Uso de Animais da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu (1233/2017). Para a obtenção dos grupos experimentais foi utilizado um cut-off calculado através do índice de adiposidade dos animais obtendo-se dois grupos: Normocalórico (n=7) e Hipercalórico (n=8). O grupo Normocalórico recebeu ração padrão e água de beber e o grupo Hipercalórico recebeu ração rica em carboidratos simples e gordura com 25% de sacarose adicionados a água de beber pelo período experimental de 30 semanas. Foram avaliados o estado nutricional e a composição corporal (ingestão de ração, água e de calorias, eficiência alimentar, peso corporal, ganho de peso, índice de adiposidade e massa muscular) e realizadas análises plasmáticas bioquímicas (glicose, triglicérides, ácido úrico, proteínas totais, ureia, albumina e proteína e creatinina urinárias) e hormonais (insulina, adiponectina e leptina). No tecido adiposo foi avaliado inflamação (IL-6 e TNF-α) e estresse oxidativo (Malondialdeído e Carbonilação). Dados paramétricos estão apresentados em média e desvio padrão e não-paramétricos apresentados em mediana e intervalo interquartil e analisados por Teste t de Student e teste U de Mann-Whitney, respectivamente, para p<0,05. Resultados: Os grupos apresentaram o consumo calórico (kcal/dia) estatisticamente iguais acompanhado de menor ingestão de ração (g) com maior ingestão de água (mL) pelo grupo H e, ainda, menor eficiência alimentar (g/kcal). Não houve diferença no peso inicial (g) dos grupos, já o peso final (g) e o ganho de peso (g) foram inferiores no grupo H. A gordura total (g) e o índice de adiposidade (%) foram iguais e o peso dos músculos Sóleo e Extensor Digitorum Longus (EDL) (g) foram menores no grupo H. A glicemia, triglicérides, ácido úrico e relação proteína/creatinina apresentaram-se elevados no grupo H, assim como a insulina e adiponectina, no entanto não houve diferença para a leptina e para o índice de resistência à insulina (HOMA-IR). No tecido adiposo, o grupo H apresentou menor a área dos adipócitos e maior número de adipócitos por campo e a expressão do receptor ativado por proliferados do peroxissoma gama (PPAR-γ) superior ao grupo N. As citocinas pró-inflamatórias (IL-6 e TNF-α) estavam aumentados no grupo H enquanto que os parâmetros de estresse oxidativo estavam diminuídos. Conclusão: A qualidade dietética independente do aumento de adiposidade é um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento da inflamação no tecido adiposo e complicações bioquímicas que podem resultar em futuras comorbidades.
The current eating pattern is known as the Western diet made up of large amounts of simple carbohydrates and fat. The intake of this type of diet is often associated with metabolic complications and comorbidities due to the dysfunction of adipose tissue in obesity. Hypertrophied adipocytes release more adipokines such as leptin and resistin and resident macrophages respond by releasing proinflammatory cytokines such as Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α) and chemokines. Oxidative stress is also triggered in the hypertrophic condition and contributes to increase the inflammatory response. The literature reports that certain nutrients can lead to adipose tissue inflammation independent of obesity. Aim: To evaluate the impact of simple carbohydrates and fat intake in metabolic, inflammatory and pro-oxidant parameters in plasma and adipose tissue independent of obesity. Materials and methods: This study was approved by the Animal Ethical Committee of Botucatu Medical School (1233/2017). To obtain the experimental groups, a cut-off based on the adiposity index of the animals was used, obtaining two groups: Normocaloric (n=7) and Hypercaloric (n=8). The Normocaloric group received standard chow and drinking water and the Hypercaloric group received chow rich in simple carbohydrates and fat and 25% of sucrose added to drinking water for the experimental period of 30 weeks. The nutritional status and body composition was evaluated (chow fed, water intake, caloric intake, dietary efficiency, body weight, weight gain, adiposity index and muscle mass) and performed biochemical plasma analyzes (glucose, triglycerides, uric acid, totals, urea, albumin and urinary protein and creatinine) and hormones (insulin, adiponectin and leptin). In the adipose tissue, inflammation (IL-6 and TNF- α) and oxidative stress (Malondialdehyde and Carbonylation) were evaluated. Parametric data are presented in mean and standard deviation and non-parametric data are presented in median and interquartile range and analyzed by Student's t test and Mann-Whitney U test, respectively, for p <0.05. Results: The groups presented caloric intake (kcal / day) statistically equal. The H group presented lower feed intake (g), higher water intake (mL) and lower feed efficiency (g / kcal). There was no difference in the initial weight (g) of the groups, since the final weight (g) and weight gain (g) were lower in group H. The total fat (g) and the adiposity index (%) were the equals and the weight of the soleus and digitorum longus (EDL) muscles (g) were lower in group H. Blood glucose, triglycerides, uric acid and protein/creatinine ratio were elevated in group H, as were insulin and adiponectin, but there was no difference for leptin and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR). In adipose tissue, the H group had the lowest adipocyte area and the highest number of adipocytes per field and the proliferation-activated receptor expression of peroxisome gamma (PPAR-γ) higher than the N group. The proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) were increased in the H group whereas the oxidative stress parameters were decreased. Conclusion: Dietary quality independent of adiposity gain is a risk factor for the development of inflammation in adipose tissue and biochemical complications that may result in future comorbidities.
The current eating pattern is known as the Western diet made up of large amounts of simple carbohydrates and fat. The intake of this type of diet is often associated with metabolic complications and comorbidities due to the dysfunction of adipose tissue in obesity. Hypertrophied adipocytes release more adipokines such as leptin and resistin and resident macrophages respond by releasing proinflammatory cytokines such as Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α) and chemokines. Oxidative stress is also triggered in the hypertrophic condition and contributes to increase the inflammatory response. The literature reports that certain nutrients can lead to adipose tissue inflammation independent of obesity. Aim: To evaluate the impact of simple carbohydrates and fat intake in metabolic, inflammatory and pro-oxidant parameters in plasma and adipose tissue independent of obesity. Materials and methods: This study was approved by the Animal Ethical Committee of Botucatu Medical School (1233/2017). To obtain the experimental groups, a cut-off based on the adiposity index of the animals was used, obtaining two groups: Normocaloric (n=7) and Hypercaloric (n=8). The Normocaloric group received standard chow and drinking water and the Hypercaloric group received chow rich in simple carbohydrates and fat and 25% of sucrose added to drinking water for the experimental period of 30 weeks. The nutritional status and body composition was evaluated (chow fed, water intake, caloric intake, dietary efficiency, body weight, weight gain, adiposity index and muscle mass) and performed biochemical plasma analyzes (glucose, triglycerides, uric acid, totals, urea, albumin and urinary protein and creatinine) and hormones (insulin, adiponectin and leptin). In the adipose tissue, inflammation (IL-6 and TNF- α) and oxidative stress (Malondialdehyde and Carbonylation) were evaluated. Parametric data are presented in mean and standard deviation and non-parametric data are presented in median and interquartile range and analyzed by Student's t test and Mann-Whitney U test, respectively, for p <0.05. Results: The groups presented caloric intake (kcal / day) statistically equal. The H group presented lower feed intake (g), higher water intake (mL) and lower feed efficiency (g / kcal). There was no difference in the initial weight (g) of the groups, since the final weight (g) and weight gain (g) were lower in group H. The total fat (g) and the adiposity index (%) were the equals and the weight of the soleus and digitorum longus (EDL) muscles (g) were lower in group H. Blood glucose, triglycerides, uric acid and protein/creatinine ratio were elevated in group H, as were insulin and adiponectin, but there was no difference for leptin and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR). In adipose tissue, the H group had the lowest adipocyte area and the highest number of adipocytes per field and the proliferation-activated receptor expression of peroxisome gamma (PPAR-γ) higher than the N group. The proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) were increased in the H group whereas the oxidative stress parameters were decreased. Conclusion: Dietary quality independent of adiposity gain is a risk factor for the development of inflammation in adipose tissue and biochemical complications that may result in future comorbidities.
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Palavras-chave
dieta, estresse oxidativo, inflamação, tecido adiposo, diet, oxidative stress, inflammation, adipose tissue