Acidentes de trabalho com adolescentes: compreendendo as consequências aos jovens trabalhadores
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Data
2018-03-01
Autores
Cunha, Juliana
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O desenvolvimento das pessoas envolve aspectos psíquicos e físicos, bem como sociais e culturais, segundo a perspectiva socio-histórica. A adolescência configura-se como período importante no desenvolvimento do indivíduo, determinante para a qualidade da vida adulta. Neste sentido, a relevância do presente estudo que trata do tema acidente de trabalho com menores de 18 anos. O acidente de trabalho atinge milhares de trabalhadores diariamente, causando muitas vezes incapacidade temporária ou permanente, ou mesmo a morte. Por esta razão, o acidente de trabalho ocorrido com adolescentes é foco de atenção na Saúde Pública. Para os adolescentes trabalhadores a dimensão negativa do trabalho no modo de produção capitalista, pode ser ainda mais danosa, visto que as oportunidades de trabalho não levam em conta os aspectos do desenvolvimento infanto-juvenil. Assim, realizou-se a presente pesquisa com o objetivo de compreender a vivência de adolescentes trabalhadores que sofreram acidente de trabalho em empresas do município de Piracicaba. A pesquisa caracterizou-se como estudo de caso de abordagem qualitativa, ancorado na perspectiva teórico metodológica da Psicologia Socio-Histórica. A pesquisa iniciou-se com uma fase exploratória de contextualização, realizando análise global de dados com acidentes de trabalho ocorridos de 2010 a 2016, envolvendo menores de 18 anos, os quais foram notificados por unidades de saúde sentinela no Sistema de Vigilância em Acidente de Trabalho de Piracicaba. A segunda etapa consistiu na realização de estudo de aprofundamento do problema, realizando-se entrevistas individuais com quatro adolescentes, para compreender os impactos do acidente de trabalho em suas vidas. Constatou-se que foram notificados no período estudado o total de 67.839 acidentes de trabalho no município e 981 deles envolveu adolescentes trabalhadores, com 136 dos acidentes lesões graves ou moderadas. Nos anos de 2015 e 2016, a atividade econômica com maior número de ocorrências para os adolescentes foi o comércio. A análise das entrevistas conduziu a dois núcleos temáticos: 1) o acidente, o qual é abordado pelas dimensões: a) atividade realizada no momento da ocorrência; b) possíveis causas que levaram à ocorrência do acidente de trabalho como: não ser a atividade habitual, sobrecarga e imprevisto; c) cuidados imediatos: primeiros cuidados e atendimento em serviço de saúde; d) consequências: imediatas/temporárias, médio prazo e de longo prazo; e) sentimentos relacionados ao acidente: impotência, dor, medo, raiva; 2) o trabalho, compreendido a partir de: a) motivos para trabalhar; b) condições de trabalho; c) futuro, conforme desejos do momento atual; d) estudo concorrente com o trabalho. O acidente de trabalho levou a um afastamento do trabalho e da escola, trouxe sentimentos negativos, acarretando em marcas físicas e psicológicas. O evento ocorreu por fatores multicausais, destacando-se na situação dos entrevistados as inserções e condições laborais precárias. A situação do acidente de trabalho com jovens revelou-se semelhante a ocorrência com trabalhadores adultos. O trabalho dos jovens, não respeitou as necessidades específicas desta fase de vida e não propiciou condições para o pleno desenvolvimento ao prejudicar sua atividade criadora, a saúde física e mental. Conclui-se, que há necessidade de mobilização social para proteger os adolescentes da lógica capitalista adoecedora, propiciando inserções que conduzam a um desenvolvimento e amadurecimento saudável, orientadas por atividades com possibilidade de fluidez da criatividade.
The development of people involves psychic and physical as well as social and cultural aspects, according to the socio-historical perspective. Adolescence is an important period in the development of the individual, which determines the quality of adult life. In this sense, the relevance of the present study dealing with the subject of occupational accidents with minors under 18 years. The occupational accident reaches thousands of workers daily, often causing temporary or permanent disability, or even death. For this reason, the occupational accident occurred with adolescents is a focus of attention in Public Health. For working adolescents, the negative dimension of labor in the capitalist mode of production can be even more damaging, since job opportunities do not take into account aspects of child and youth development. Thus, the present research was carried out in order to understand the experience of adolescent workers who suffered an accident at work in companies of the municipality of Piracicaba. The research was characterized as a case study of a qualitative approach, anchored in the theoretical methodological perspective of Socio-Historical Psychology. The research began with an exploratory phase of contextualization, performing a global analysis of data with occupational accidents occurred from 2010 to 2016, involving minors under 18 years old, who were notified by sentinel health units in the Occupational accident Surveillance System of Piracicaba. The second stage consisted in carrying out a study to deepen the problem, with individual interviews with four adolescents, to understand the impacts of the occupational accident on their lives. It was verified that in the period studied the total of 67,839 occupational accidents in the municipality and 981 of them involved working adolescents, with 136 of the accidents serious or moderate injuries. In the years 2015 and 2016, the economic activity with the highest number of occurrences for adolescents was trade. The analysis of the interviews led to two thematic nuclei: 1) the accident, which is approached by the dimensions: a) activity performed at the time of occurrence; b) possible causes that led to the occurrence of the occupational accident as: not the habitual activity, overload and unforeseen; c) immediate care: first care and care in health service; d) consequences: immediate / temporary, medium term and long term; e) feelings related to the accident: impotence, pain, fear, anger; 2) work, comprised of: a) reasons to work; b) working conditions; c) future, according to the wishes of the present moment; d) study concurrent with work. The occupational accident led to a move away from work and school, brought negative feelings, leading to physical and psychological marks. The event occurred due to many causes factors, highlighting in the situation of the interviewees the insertions and precarious working conditions. The situation of the occupational accident with young people was similar to that with adult workers. The work of young people did not respect the specific needs of this stage of life and did not provide conditions for full development by impairing their creative activity, physical and mental health. It is concluded that there is a need for social mobilization to protect adolescents from the adventurous capitalist logic, providing insertions that lead to a healthy development and maturation, guided by activities with the possibility of fluidity of creativity.
The development of people involves psychic and physical as well as social and cultural aspects, according to the socio-historical perspective. Adolescence is an important period in the development of the individual, which determines the quality of adult life. In this sense, the relevance of the present study dealing with the subject of occupational accidents with minors under 18 years. The occupational accident reaches thousands of workers daily, often causing temporary or permanent disability, or even death. For this reason, the occupational accident occurred with adolescents is a focus of attention in Public Health. For working adolescents, the negative dimension of labor in the capitalist mode of production can be even more damaging, since job opportunities do not take into account aspects of child and youth development. Thus, the present research was carried out in order to understand the experience of adolescent workers who suffered an accident at work in companies of the municipality of Piracicaba. The research was characterized as a case study of a qualitative approach, anchored in the theoretical methodological perspective of Socio-Historical Psychology. The research began with an exploratory phase of contextualization, performing a global analysis of data with occupational accidents occurred from 2010 to 2016, involving minors under 18 years old, who were notified by sentinel health units in the Occupational accident Surveillance System of Piracicaba. The second stage consisted in carrying out a study to deepen the problem, with individual interviews with four adolescents, to understand the impacts of the occupational accident on their lives. It was verified that in the period studied the total of 67,839 occupational accidents in the municipality and 981 of them involved working adolescents, with 136 of the accidents serious or moderate injuries. In the years 2015 and 2016, the economic activity with the highest number of occurrences for adolescents was trade. The analysis of the interviews led to two thematic nuclei: 1) the accident, which is approached by the dimensions: a) activity performed at the time of occurrence; b) possible causes that led to the occurrence of the occupational accident as: not the habitual activity, overload and unforeseen; c) immediate care: first care and care in health service; d) consequences: immediate / temporary, medium term and long term; e) feelings related to the accident: impotence, pain, fear, anger; 2) work, comprised of: a) reasons to work; b) working conditions; c) future, according to the wishes of the present moment; d) study concurrent with work. The occupational accident led to a move away from work and school, brought negative feelings, leading to physical and psychological marks. The event occurred due to many causes factors, highlighting in the situation of the interviewees the insertions and precarious working conditions. The situation of the occupational accident with young people was similar to that with adult workers. The work of young people did not respect the specific needs of this stage of life and did not provide conditions for full development by impairing their creative activity, physical and mental health. It is concluded that there is a need for social mobilization to protect adolescents from the adventurous capitalist logic, providing insertions that lead to a healthy development and maturation, guided by activities with the possibility of fluidity of creativity.
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Palavras-chave
acidentes de trabalho, adolescente trabalhador, saúde do adolescente, saúde do trabalhador, accident occupational, adolescent worker, adolescent health, occupational health