Efeito da indução floral no controle biológico e químico da broca-do-fruto do abacaxizeiro, Strymon megarus (Godart, 1824) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)
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Data
2018-02-27
Autores
Cirino, Thaís Carolina Silva
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O controle biológico é uma das táticas do manejo de pragas disponíveis aos produtores agrícolas, entretanto, não é empregado em grande escala no cenário da fruticultura nacional. Buscando incrementar as informações desse setor, especificamente na cultura do abacaxizeiro, em que o Brasil é um dos maiores produtores mundiais, objetivou-se avaliar a eficácia de parasitoides da família Trichogrammatidae no controle da broca-do-fruto do abacaxizeiro, Strymon megarus (Godart) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), em condições de campo. O trabalho foi realizado em dois anos, sendo que no ano de 2016 foram liberadas as espécies Trichogramma pretiosum Riley e Trichogrammatoidea annulata De Santis (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) na dose de 200 mil parasitoides por hectare, sendo 50% de cada espécie. Ambos os controles foram aplicados em áreas de indução floral artificial e indução floral natural, deste modo, os tratamentos foram realizados em esquema fatorial 2x2. No ano de 2017, foi liberada apenas T. pretiosum na dose de 400 mil parasitoides por hectare, também em áreas de indução artificial e natural. Para complementar os resultados de campo, foram realizados testes de laboratório para a avaliação da seletividade de produtos formulados utilizados na produção do abacaxi. Os experimentos seguiram a padronização da “International Organization of Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animal and Plants” (IOBC). Os testes foram divididos em quatro etapas: seletividade dos produtos as fases de adulto e pupa de T. pretiosum; efeito sub letal dos produtos também em adultos e a fase de pupa. Foram escolhidos, com base em levantamento com produtores e revendas, 10 produtos para a realização dos testes. Em 2016 o controle biológico realizado por T. pretiosum e T. annulata não apresentou diferenças significativas ao controle químico convencional nas áreas com plantas induzidas e nas áreas com plantas não induzidas. A diferença encontrada foi em relação ao mesmo tipo de controle em áreas com indução diferentes, pois, pelo fato das áreas de plantas não induzidas artificialmente não apresentarem uniformidade no florescimento, ambos os controles não foram efetivos comparados aos mesmos controles em áreas com floração induzida, de modo que o controle biológico se apresenta mais favorável nas áreas induzidas no ano de 2016. Em 2017 o controle biológico foi menos eficiente na “área artificial” em relação ao controle químico, porém, foi igualmente eficiente em “áreas naturais”. O custo do controle biológico em 2016 foi menor em relação ao controle químico convencional, e no ano de 2017 foi superior devido ao aumento da dose. Sobre os ensaios de laboratório, em relação ao parasitismo de T. pretiosum submetidos aos tratamentos em fase adulta, foram classificados de modo geral como inócuos (classe 1) os tratamentos com ingredientes ativo captana, flutriafol e etefon, como levemente nocivos (classe 2) alfa-cipermetrina + teflubenzuron, tiofanato-metílico e tebuconazol, como moderadamente nocivos (classe 3) cipermetrina, deltametrina e dimetoato e como nocivo (classe 4) clorpirifós. Quando avaliado o parasitismo na etapa de seletividade ao parasitoide em fase de pupa, foram classificados como inócuo todos os tratamentos, com exceção de clorpirifós, que foi classificado de forma geral como levemente nocivo. Em relação a viabilidade de T. pretiosum quando adultos foram expostos aos tratamentos, foram classificados como inócuos todos os tratamentos, novamente com exceção de clorpirifós que foi classificado como levemente nocivo. A viabilidade dos parasitoides quando expostos ainda na fase de pupa não foi influenciada por nenhum tratamento testado. No ensaio do efeito sub letal dos produtos a fase adulta de T. pretiosum, o produto que mais interferiu no número total de ovos parasitados por fêmea foi alfa-cipermetrina + teflubenzuron, seguido dos produtos deltametrina e clorpirifós que foram semelhantes. Cipermetrina foi o terceiro produto mais nocivos aos parasitoides nesta etapa, seguido de dimetoato. Os tratamentos tiofanato-metílico, tebuconazol, flutriafol e etefon não interferiram tanto no número total de ovos, assim como captana que foi o menos deletério aos parasitoides. Em relação a longevidade dos parasitoides, os tratamentos tiofanato-metílico, tebuconazol, flutriafol e etefon não tiveram influência negativa, os outros tratamentos todos tiveram efeitos no tempo de vida das fêmeas, principalmente clorpirifós. De forma geral os resultados do efeito sub letal quando T. pretiosum exposto em fase de pupa apontam como mais agressivos em relação a redução do número total de ovos parasitados por fêmeas os tratamentos clorpirifós e cipermetrina. A longevidade também foi afetada, principalmente por clorpirifós, alfa-cipermetrina e tiofanato-metílico.
Biological control is one of the pests management tactics available to farmers, however, is not used on a large scale in the fruticulture. In order to supplement information of this sector, specifically in the pineapple crop, the present study evaluated the effect of parasitoids of the Trichogrammatidae family in the control of pineapple fruit borer, Strymon megarus (Godart) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) under field conditions. The work was carried out in two years, in 2016 Trichogramma pretiosum Riley and Trichogrammatoidea annulata De Santis (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) were released in a dose of 200 thousand insects per hectare in the percentage of 50% each species and, at the same time to the biological control, was held the conventional chemical control of the producer. Both controls were applied in areas of artificial floral induction and areas of natural floral induction, thus, the treatments were performed in 2x2 factorial scheme. In 2017, the methodology was different and only a specie T. pretiosum was released at dose of 400 thousand insects per hectare, in areas of artificial and natural induction. To complement the field results, bioassays were performed to evaluate the selectivity of formulates products used in the pineapple production. The bioassays followed the standardization of "International Organization of Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animal and Plants" (IOBC). The tests were divided into four stages, selectivity of the products to adults and pupal stage, and sub lethal effect of products on adults and sub lethal effect in the pupal stage. Based on a survey with producers and resellers, 10 products were chosen for the tests. In 2016 the biological control carried out by T. pretiosum and T. annulata was similar to conventional chemical control in areas with plants induced and in areas with no induced plants. The difference was in relation to the same type of control in different areas because due to the fact that naturally induced plants did not show uniformity in flowering, both controls were not effective compared to the same controls in areas with induced flowering, so that the biological control is more favorable in induced areas. In 2017 the biological control was less efficient in the "artificial area" in relation to the chemical control, however, it was equally efficient in "natural areas". The cost of biological control in 2016 was lower than the conventional chemical control, and in 2017 was similar. About the bioassays, in relation to the parasitism of T. pretiosum subjected to treatments in adulthood, were classified as harmless (class 1) the treatments with active ingredients captana, flutriafol, and ethefon, as slightly harmful (class 2) the treatments alpha-cypermethrin + teflubenzuron, thiophanate-methyl, tebuconazole, as moderately harmful (class 3) the treatments cypermethrim, deltamethrin and dimethoate, and as harmful (class 4) the treatment chlorpyrifos. In evaluated the parasitism in the stage of selectivity to the parasitoid in the pupal stage, were classified as harmless all treatments, with the exception of chlorpyrifos, which is classified generally as harmful. About the viability of T. pretiosum, when adults were exposed to treatments, all of them were, again, classified as harmless, with the exception of chlorpyrifos witch was classified as slightly harmful. The viability of the T. pretiosum when exposed in the pupal stage was not influenced by any treatment tested. In the bioassay of sub lethal effect of T. pretiosum in adult stage, the product that most interfered in the total number of eggs parasitized per female was alpha-cypermethrin + teflubenzuron, followed by deltamethrin and chlorpyrifos products which were similar in relation to damage. Cypermethrin was the third most aggressive product to the parasitoids at this stage, followed by dimethoate. The treatments thiophanate-methyl, tebuconazole, flutriafol and ethefon did not interfere in the total number of eggs, as well as captan, which was the least deleterious to the parasitoids. In relation to the longevity of the parasitoids, thiophanate-methyl, tebuconazole, flutriafol and ethefon treatments did not influence, all the other treatments had effects on the lifetime of females, mainly chlorpyrifos. In general, the results of the sub lethal effect found when T. pretiosum exposed in the pupal stage indicated as more aggressive in relation to the reduction of the total number of eggs parasitized by females the treatments chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin. Longevity was also affected, mainly by chlorpyrifos, alpha-cypermethrin and thiophanate-methyl.
Biological control is one of the pests management tactics available to farmers, however, is not used on a large scale in the fruticulture. In order to supplement information of this sector, specifically in the pineapple crop, the present study evaluated the effect of parasitoids of the Trichogrammatidae family in the control of pineapple fruit borer, Strymon megarus (Godart) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) under field conditions. The work was carried out in two years, in 2016 Trichogramma pretiosum Riley and Trichogrammatoidea annulata De Santis (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) were released in a dose of 200 thousand insects per hectare in the percentage of 50% each species and, at the same time to the biological control, was held the conventional chemical control of the producer. Both controls were applied in areas of artificial floral induction and areas of natural floral induction, thus, the treatments were performed in 2x2 factorial scheme. In 2017, the methodology was different and only a specie T. pretiosum was released at dose of 400 thousand insects per hectare, in areas of artificial and natural induction. To complement the field results, bioassays were performed to evaluate the selectivity of formulates products used in the pineapple production. The bioassays followed the standardization of "International Organization of Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animal and Plants" (IOBC). The tests were divided into four stages, selectivity of the products to adults and pupal stage, and sub lethal effect of products on adults and sub lethal effect in the pupal stage. Based on a survey with producers and resellers, 10 products were chosen for the tests. In 2016 the biological control carried out by T. pretiosum and T. annulata was similar to conventional chemical control in areas with plants induced and in areas with no induced plants. The difference was in relation to the same type of control in different areas because due to the fact that naturally induced plants did not show uniformity in flowering, both controls were not effective compared to the same controls in areas with induced flowering, so that the biological control is more favorable in induced areas. In 2017 the biological control was less efficient in the "artificial area" in relation to the chemical control, however, it was equally efficient in "natural areas". The cost of biological control in 2016 was lower than the conventional chemical control, and in 2017 was similar. About the bioassays, in relation to the parasitism of T. pretiosum subjected to treatments in adulthood, were classified as harmless (class 1) the treatments with active ingredients captana, flutriafol, and ethefon, as slightly harmful (class 2) the treatments alpha-cypermethrin + teflubenzuron, thiophanate-methyl, tebuconazole, as moderately harmful (class 3) the treatments cypermethrim, deltamethrin and dimethoate, and as harmful (class 4) the treatment chlorpyrifos. In evaluated the parasitism in the stage of selectivity to the parasitoid in the pupal stage, were classified as harmless all treatments, with the exception of chlorpyrifos, which is classified generally as harmful. About the viability of T. pretiosum, when adults were exposed to treatments, all of them were, again, classified as harmless, with the exception of chlorpyrifos witch was classified as slightly harmful. The viability of the T. pretiosum when exposed in the pupal stage was not influenced by any treatment tested. In the bioassay of sub lethal effect of T. pretiosum in adult stage, the product that most interfered in the total number of eggs parasitized per female was alpha-cypermethrin + teflubenzuron, followed by deltamethrin and chlorpyrifos products which were similar in relation to damage. Cypermethrin was the third most aggressive product to the parasitoids at this stage, followed by dimethoate. The treatments thiophanate-methyl, tebuconazole, flutriafol and ethefon did not interfere in the total number of eggs, as well as captan, which was the least deleterious to the parasitoids. In relation to the longevity of the parasitoids, thiophanate-methyl, tebuconazole, flutriafol and ethefon treatments did not influence, all the other treatments had effects on the lifetime of females, mainly chlorpyrifos. In general, the results of the sub lethal effect found when T. pretiosum exposed in the pupal stage indicated as more aggressive in relation to the reduction of the total number of eggs parasitized by females the treatments chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin. Longevity was also affected, mainly by chlorpyrifos, alpha-cypermethrin and thiophanate-methyl.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Trichogrammatidae, Seletividade, Efeito sub letal, Fruticultura, Selectivity, Sub lethal effect, Fruticulture