Efeito do treinamento resistido com peso e com elástico sobre mobilidade, capacidade funcional e parâmetros bioquímicos em idosos sarcopênicos e não sarcopênicos
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Data
2017-12-13
Autores
Santana, Luis Felipe Dutra de
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A transição demográfica fez com que a população idosa maior de 60 anos dobrasse na última metade do século passado e continua a aumentar, com isso o número de doenças crônicas e de síndromes metabólicas advindas do aumento do status inflamatório no idoso vem se tornando cada vez mais comum, dentre elas a sarcopenia, perda de músculo esquelético e principalmente de funcionalidade, dificultando assim a realização das atividades básicas da vida diária. Para tanto, estudos tem apontado o treinamento resistido como a melhor intervenção para se reverterem os efeitos deletérios do envelhecimento e se prevenir a sarcopenia e a incapacidade funcional. O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar os efeitos do treinamento resistido com peso e com elástico sobre a velocidade de caminhada, equilíbrio, capacidade funcional e parâmetros bioquímicos. Amostra foi composta por idosos sarcopênicos e não-sarcopênicos de ambos os sexos do município de Presidente Prudente, SP. Composição corporal foi analisada por impedância bioelétrica e absorciometria radiológica de dupla energia. Funcionalidade foi analisada por testes de equilíbrio, mobilidade e força de membros inferiores, enquanto a força muscular foi analisada por meio de dinamometria. As variáveis sanguíneas inflamatórias foram Interleucina 6 (IL-6), Fator de Necrose Tumoral-α (TNF- α) e a variável anti-inflamatória Interleucina 10 (IL-10). Programa de treinamento resistido convencional e com resistência elástica foi utilizado para a análise do efeito do treinamento sobre as variáveis de estudo. O programa durou 12 semanas, com frequência semanal de 3 dias não consecutivos. Análise estatística para a comparação dos grupos (paramétrica e não-paramétrica) foi utilizada, juntamente com regressão linear simples e múltipla, para a verificação das correlações das alterações em função do treinamento entre as variáveis bioquímicas e demais. Na análise entre os momentos inicial e final, para cada grupo, os sarcopênicos apresentaram melhoras (p<0,05) nas variáveis massa músculo esquelético (1,5%), massa livre de gordura (1,4%), massa livre de gordura e osso (2,3%), índice de massa muscular (1,5%), força de preensão manual (9,5%), velocidade (18,4%) e TUG (-11,2%), enquanto os não-sarcopênicos apresentaram melhoras (p<0,05) para as variáveis coordenação (-14,5%), apenas. Nesta divisão de grupos, na análise intragrupo, entre os momentos, foram verificadas diferenças (p<0,05) para as variáveis gordura total (0,6%), gordura androide (6,1%), força de preensão manual (8,5%), coordenação (-28,9%), velocidade de caminhada (11,44%) e qualidade muscular (8,9%) para os idosos do grupo com treinamento no elástico. No grupo convencional, as diferenças (p<0,05) foram para as variáveis massa livre de gordura e osso (1,8%), velocidade de caminhada (19,7%) e TUG (-13,5%). Para os idosos não-sarcopênicos que treinaram com resistência elástica, foi verificado que as correlações se mantiveram após o ajuste por sexo e idade para as análise entre TNF-α e percentual de gordura e massa muscular, entre IL-10 e peso, IMC e coordenação, e para a razão TNF-α /IL-10 e massa livre de gordura. O treinamento com resistência elástica, neste estudo, para as condições utilizadas, parecer ser no mínimo uma intervenção válida para evitar os efeitos deletérios do envelhecimento, especialmente a redução da força e da massa muscular.
The demographic transition has meant that the elderly population over 60 years of age has doubled in the last half of the last century and continues to increase, so the number of chronic diseases and metabolic syndromes due to the increase of inflammatory status in the elderly has been increasing, among them sarcopenia, the loss of skeletal muscle and mainly of functionality, making it difficult to perform basic activities of daily living. To that end, studies have pointed to resistance training as the best intervention to reverse the deleterious effects of aging and to prevent sarcopenia and functional disability. The objective of the present study was to compare the effects of conventional weight and elastic resistance training on gait speed, balance, functional capacity and biochemical parameters. The sample consisted of sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic individuals of both sexes from the municipality of Presidente Prudente, SP. Body composition was analyzed by bioelectrical impedance and dual energy radiological absorciometry. Functionality was analyzed by tests of balance, mobility and lower limb strength, while muscle strength was analyzed by means of handgrip. Inflammatory blood variables were Interleukin 6 (IL-6), Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) and the anti-inflammatory variable Interleukin 10 (IL-10). Conventional resistance training program with elastic resistance was used to analyze the effect of training on the study variables. The program lasted 12 weeks, with a weekly frequency of 3 days. Statistical analysis for the comparison of groups (parametric and non-parametric) was used, together with simple and multiple linear regression, to verify the correlations of the changes as a function of the training between the biochemical variables and the others. In the analysis between the initial and final moments, for each group, the sarcopenics presented improvements (p <0.05) in the variables skeletal muscle mass (1.5%), fat free mass (1.4%), muscle strength index (1.5%), handgrip strength (9.5%), speed (18.4%) and TUG (-11.2%), while the non-sarcopenic individuals showed improvements (p <0.05) for the coordination variables (-14.5%), only. In this group division, in the intragroup analysis, between the moments, differences (p <0.05) were observed for the variables total fat (0.6%), android fat (6.1%), handgrip strength , 5%), coordination (-28.9%), walking velocity (11.44%) and muscle quality (8.9%) for the elderly in the group with non-elastic training. In the conventional group, the differences (p <0.05) were for the variables fat and bone free mass (1.8%), walking speed (19.7%) and TUG (-13.5%). For the non-sarcopenic elderly who trained with elastic resistance, it was verified that the correlations were maintained after adjusting for sex and age for the analysis between TNF-α and percentage of fat and muscle mass, between IL-10 and weight, BMI and coordination, and for the ratio TNF-α / IL-10 and free fat mass. The elastic resistance training, in this study, for the conditions used, seems to be at least a valid intervention to avoid the deleterious effects of aging, especially the reduction of strength and muscle mass.
The demographic transition has meant that the elderly population over 60 years of age has doubled in the last half of the last century and continues to increase, so the number of chronic diseases and metabolic syndromes due to the increase of inflammatory status in the elderly has been increasing, among them sarcopenia, the loss of skeletal muscle and mainly of functionality, making it difficult to perform basic activities of daily living. To that end, studies have pointed to resistance training as the best intervention to reverse the deleterious effects of aging and to prevent sarcopenia and functional disability. The objective of the present study was to compare the effects of conventional weight and elastic resistance training on gait speed, balance, functional capacity and biochemical parameters. The sample consisted of sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic individuals of both sexes from the municipality of Presidente Prudente, SP. Body composition was analyzed by bioelectrical impedance and dual energy radiological absorciometry. Functionality was analyzed by tests of balance, mobility and lower limb strength, while muscle strength was analyzed by means of handgrip. Inflammatory blood variables were Interleukin 6 (IL-6), Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) and the anti-inflammatory variable Interleukin 10 (IL-10). Conventional resistance training program with elastic resistance was used to analyze the effect of training on the study variables. The program lasted 12 weeks, with a weekly frequency of 3 days. Statistical analysis for the comparison of groups (parametric and non-parametric) was used, together with simple and multiple linear regression, to verify the correlations of the changes as a function of the training between the biochemical variables and the others. In the analysis between the initial and final moments, for each group, the sarcopenics presented improvements (p <0.05) in the variables skeletal muscle mass (1.5%), fat free mass (1.4%), muscle strength index (1.5%), handgrip strength (9.5%), speed (18.4%) and TUG (-11.2%), while the non-sarcopenic individuals showed improvements (p <0.05) for the coordination variables (-14.5%), only. In this group division, in the intragroup analysis, between the moments, differences (p <0.05) were observed for the variables total fat (0.6%), android fat (6.1%), handgrip strength , 5%), coordination (-28.9%), walking velocity (11.44%) and muscle quality (8.9%) for the elderly in the group with non-elastic training. In the conventional group, the differences (p <0.05) were for the variables fat and bone free mass (1.8%), walking speed (19.7%) and TUG (-13.5%). For the non-sarcopenic elderly who trained with elastic resistance, it was verified that the correlations were maintained after adjusting for sex and age for the analysis between TNF-α and percentage of fat and muscle mass, between IL-10 and weight, BMI and coordination, and for the ratio TNF-α / IL-10 and free fat mass. The elastic resistance training, in this study, for the conditions used, seems to be at least a valid intervention to avoid the deleterious effects of aging, especially the reduction of strength and muscle mass.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Sarcopenia, Treinamento resistido, Resistência elástica, Idosos, Inflamação, Força muscular, Massa muscular, Funcionalidade, Sarcopenia, Resistance training, Elastic resistance, Elderly, Inflammation, Muscle strength, Muscle mass, Functionality