Jean Piaget e Paulo Freire: respeito mútuo, autonomia moral e educação
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Data
2018-03-15
Autores
Alves, Sabrina Sacoman Campos [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A realidade educacional brasileira, hoje, predominantemente autoritária, violenta e reprodutora, exige que, enquanto educadores e pesquisadores, possamos refletir sobre como formar para a autonomia moral e lograr, a partir daí, uma intervenção social mais efetiva. Autores como Jean Piaget e Paulo Freire, com suas teorias consistentes e críticas, podem contribuir para um aprofundamento dessa reflexão. Nesta pesquisa, fixamos como objetivo verificar quais são as aproximações entre as teorias de Jean Piaget e Paulo Freire, no que se refere a aspectos do desenvolvimento moral e, ainda, analisar as implicações dessas aproximações para a teoria e a prática educativa. Para tal, utilizamos como metodologia a pesquisa bibliográfica, analisando conceitos fundamentais sobre a moral, nessas teorias, e estabelecendo as relações entre eles. Observamos que ambos os autores apresentam uma concepção de que o desenvolvimento moral ocorre a partir da oposição entre dois tipos de relações sociais: as relações coercitivas ou opressoras, nas quais predomina o respeito unilateral, e levam o sujeito a posicionamentos teóricos e práticos heterônomos; e as relações cooperativas ou dialógicas, em que se sobressai o respeito mútuo, e conduzem à autonomia e à liberdade. A fim de evidenciar as aproximações, elegemos eixos teóricos fundamentais para Freire e Piaget, que são o respeito mútuo, a autonomia e a educação moral. A partir desses eixos, encontramos relação entre as díades conceituais: respeito unilateral e opressão; respeito mútuo e diálogo; heteronomia e cultura do silêncio; autonomia e liberdade. Não estabelecemos identidade entre esses conceitos, porém, destacamos as aproximações entre eles, no que diz respeito à moral. Percebemos a tomada de consciência como processo importante, em ambas as teorias, para que o sujeito, com base nas relações de reciprocidade, alcance a autonomia moral. Essas aproximações nos possibilitaram chegar a implicações para a educação que apontam, para além da autonomia intelectual, a necessidade de uma educação para a formação humana, para a autonomia moral. Trata-se de uma educação ativa, baseada na reciprocidade e no respeito mútuo, portanto, no diálogo, preocupada com a conscientização e com a transformação social. Diferentemente da educação verbalista, que emprega as lições de moral, essa educação para a autonomia, indicada por Paulo Freire e Jean Piaget, é pautada em experiências cooperativas e democráticas, vislumbrando a formação de cidadãos críticos e engajados.
Nowadays, the Brazil educational reality, mainly authoritarian, violent and reproductive, demands us as educators and researchers the reflection about how to form people to moral autonomy and achieve, thereafter, a more effective social intervention. Authors such as Jean Piaget and Paulo Freire, with their consistent theories and critical reviews, can contribute to deepening this reflection. It was aimed in this study the verification of which are the approximations between the theories of Jean Piaget and Paulo Freire related to moral development aspects and, in addition, examine the implications of these approaches to theory and educational practice. For such purpose, it was used as methodology the bibliographical research in order to analyze the fundamental concepts about the moral in these theories and establish the relationships between them. It could be verified that both authors have a conception that moral development occurs from the opposition between two types of social relations: the relations of coercive or oppressive, in which predominates the unilateral, and lead the subject to theoretical and practical placements heteronomous; and, the cooperative relationships or dialogical, in which predominates the mutual respect, and lead to the autonomy and freedom. In order to highlight this approach between Piaget and Freire theories, it was elected fundamental theoretical pillars for the authors that are: mutual respect, autonomy and moral education. From these pillars, it was found a relation between conceptual dyads: unilateral respect and oppression; mutual respect, and dialog; heteronomy and culture of silence; autonomy and freedom. It wasn’t established identity among these concepts, but it can be outlined approximations between respect and moral. We are aware how important process of consciousness is in both theories to the subject, for from the relations of reciprocity it can reach the moral autonomy. These approximations have enabled us to arrive to implications for education that indicate that in addition to the intellectual autonomy there is the necessity of an education for human formation, for a moral autonomy. It is an active education, based on reciprocity and mutual respect, it means, based on the dialog; and concerned with the process of consciousness. Unlike the verbalist education, which employs the moral lessons, this proposed education for autonomy, indicated by Paulo Freire and Jean Piaget, is based on democratic and cooperative experiences, glimpsing the formation of critical citizens and engaged.
Nowadays, the Brazil educational reality, mainly authoritarian, violent and reproductive, demands us as educators and researchers the reflection about how to form people to moral autonomy and achieve, thereafter, a more effective social intervention. Authors such as Jean Piaget and Paulo Freire, with their consistent theories and critical reviews, can contribute to deepening this reflection. It was aimed in this study the verification of which are the approximations between the theories of Jean Piaget and Paulo Freire related to moral development aspects and, in addition, examine the implications of these approaches to theory and educational practice. For such purpose, it was used as methodology the bibliographical research in order to analyze the fundamental concepts about the moral in these theories and establish the relationships between them. It could be verified that both authors have a conception that moral development occurs from the opposition between two types of social relations: the relations of coercive or oppressive, in which predominates the unilateral, and lead the subject to theoretical and practical placements heteronomous; and, the cooperative relationships or dialogical, in which predominates the mutual respect, and lead to the autonomy and freedom. In order to highlight this approach between Piaget and Freire theories, it was elected fundamental theoretical pillars for the authors that are: mutual respect, autonomy and moral education. From these pillars, it was found a relation between conceptual dyads: unilateral respect and oppression; mutual respect, and dialog; heteronomy and culture of silence; autonomy and freedom. It wasn’t established identity among these concepts, but it can be outlined approximations between respect and moral. We are aware how important process of consciousness is in both theories to the subject, for from the relations of reciprocity it can reach the moral autonomy. These approximations have enabled us to arrive to implications for education that indicate that in addition to the intellectual autonomy there is the necessity of an education for human formation, for a moral autonomy. It is an active education, based on reciprocity and mutual respect, it means, based on the dialog; and concerned with the process of consciousness. Unlike the verbalist education, which employs the moral lessons, this proposed education for autonomy, indicated by Paulo Freire and Jean Piaget, is based on democratic and cooperative experiences, glimpsing the formation of critical citizens and engaged.
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Palavras-chave
Jean Piaget, Paulo Freire, Respeito, Autonomia moral, Educação, Respect, Moral autonomy, Education