Ação universalista norte-americana e o desenvolvimento do terrorismo contemporâneo
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Data
2018-04-04
Autores
Vieira, Danilo Porfírio de Castro [UNESP]
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O presente trabalho visa investigar o fenômeno do jihadismo, movimento terrorista islâmico, como resultado retaliatório do processo de violência simbólica e fática exercido pela política externa norte-americana. Busca-se, inicialmente, analisar os projetos modernos e universalizadores político-jurídicos e a natureza fundante desses projetos, ou seja, o horizonte de valores da Modernidade. É conferida a Modernidade uma natureza avessa às tradições, com pretensões universais, alicerçada na ideia de humanidade, liberdades, democracia e no modelo secular e procedimental de racionalidade. Porém, os seus valores são reproduções de uma contingência, de um processo histórico restrito ao espaço geográfico europeu, possuindo materialidade a exemplo do conceito de dignidade. Os modelos juscosmopolitas reproduzem as pretensões e os valores modernos. O modelo kantiano de paz perpétua, a grande referência do cosmopolitismo jurídico, pauta-se numa racionalidade lógico-epistêmica atrelada a autonomia da vontade (vontade racional), na auto-responsabilidade da pessoa (homo noumenon) e num regime republicano universal. Num segundo momento, busca-se demonstrar que o discurso universalista juscosmopolita apresenta-se na política externa americana, ao final da Primeira Guerra Mundial, com tradição de política externa wilsoniana. Os EE.UU, ao se consolidarem como potência mundial, saíram gradualmente do seu posicionamento “isolacionista”, justificando ações interventivas nas tradições de expansão do comércio, como fator de equilíbrio e paz entre os povos (tradição hamiltoniana/algo presente no pensamento cosmopolita kantiano), e na universalização do modelo político democrático ocidental e de seus direitos humanos (wilsonianismo). As ações norte-americanas no Oriente Médio, com grande ênfase no contexto contemporâneo, se justificaram na pretensão cosmopolita wilsoniana, a exemplo de ações militares no Afeganistão, Iraque e no apoio a alguns movimentos de resistência na Primavera Árabe, como acontecido de forma desastrosa na Líbia e na Síria. Logo, o discurso cosmopolita pode ser um meio justificador de violência? Qual sua repercussão na formação do “novo Terrorismo”, materializado no movimento ISIS/Daesch?
The present work aims to investigate the phenomenon of jihadism, the Islamic terrorist movement, as a retaliatory result of the process of symbolic and factual violence exercised by US foreign policy. It seeks initially to analyze modern projects and political-legal universalizers and the founding nature of these projects, that is, the horizon of values of Modernity. Modernity is given to a nature that is contrary to tradition, with universal pretensions, based on the idea of humanity, liberties, democracy and the secular and procedural model of rationality. However, its values are reproductions of a contingency, of a historical process restricted to the European geographic space, possessing materiality such as the concept of dignity. Juscosmopolitan models reproduce modern pretensions and values. The Kantian model of perpetual peace, the great reference of legal cosmopolitism, is based on a logical-epistemic rationality tied to the autonomy of the will (rational will), the selfresponsibility of the person (homo noumenon) and a universal republican regime. In a second moment, it is tried to demonstrate that the universalistic juscosmopolita discourse appears in American foreign policy, at the end of World War I, with tradition of Wilsonian foreign policy. The United States, when consolidating as a world power, gradually left its "isolationist" position, justifying intervention actions in the traditions of trade expansion, as a factor of balance and peace between peoples (Hamiltonian tradition / something present in Kantian cosmopolitan thinking ), and in the universalization of the Western democratic political model and its human rights (Wilsonianism). American actions in the Middle East, with a strong emphasis on the contemporary context, were justified in Wilsonian cosmopolitan pretensions, such as military actions in Afghanistan, Iraq, and support for some resistance movements in the Arab Spring, as happened disastrously in the Libya and Syria. So, can cosmopolitan discourse be a justifying means of violence? What is its repercussion in the formation of the "new Terrorism", materialized in the ISIS movement?
The present work aims to investigate the phenomenon of jihadism, the Islamic terrorist movement, as a retaliatory result of the process of symbolic and factual violence exercised by US foreign policy. It seeks initially to analyze modern projects and political-legal universalizers and the founding nature of these projects, that is, the horizon of values of Modernity. Modernity is given to a nature that is contrary to tradition, with universal pretensions, based on the idea of humanity, liberties, democracy and the secular and procedural model of rationality. However, its values are reproductions of a contingency, of a historical process restricted to the European geographic space, possessing materiality such as the concept of dignity. Juscosmopolitan models reproduce modern pretensions and values. The Kantian model of perpetual peace, the great reference of legal cosmopolitism, is based on a logical-epistemic rationality tied to the autonomy of the will (rational will), the selfresponsibility of the person (homo noumenon) and a universal republican regime. In a second moment, it is tried to demonstrate that the universalistic juscosmopolita discourse appears in American foreign policy, at the end of World War I, with tradition of Wilsonian foreign policy. The United States, when consolidating as a world power, gradually left its "isolationist" position, justifying intervention actions in the traditions of trade expansion, as a factor of balance and peace between peoples (Hamiltonian tradition / something present in Kantian cosmopolitan thinking ), and in the universalization of the Western democratic political model and its human rights (Wilsonianism). American actions in the Middle East, with a strong emphasis on the contemporary context, were justified in Wilsonian cosmopolitan pretensions, such as military actions in Afghanistan, Iraq, and support for some resistance movements in the Arab Spring, as happened disastrously in the Libya and Syria. So, can cosmopolitan discourse be a justifying means of violence? What is its repercussion in the formation of the "new Terrorism", materialized in the ISIS movement?
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Palavras-chave
Estados Unidos, Islã, Terrorismo, Jihadismo, ISIS