Distanásia e ortotanásia: ética e legalidade na prática da anestesiologia
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Data
2018-03-02
Autores
Cavalcante, Rodney Segura
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Introdução.Os avanços tecno-científicos do último século prestigiam a tecnologia e as ciências experimentais, resultando em desequilíbrio de valores e desumanização dos profissionais de saúde, dentre os quais, os anestesiologistas. Nesse universo, observam-se hospitais e enfermarias, depositários de sofrimentos humanos em nome da luta obstinada pela vida, ainda investindo na prática de distanásia, quando a conduta mais digna seria a ortotanásia. Objetivos. Avaliar se os anestesiologistas brasileiros conhecem os institutos da distanásia e ortotanásia; investigar a preferência dos anestesiologistas entre as práticas da distanásia e ortotanásia, diante da terminalidade de paciente com doença incurável; investigar se a distanásia ainda é praticada e, por fim, investigar como o ensino da graduação médica contribuiu para a abordagem teórica e prática de questões relacionadas a morte. Métodos. A pesquisa consistiu na aplicação de um questionário online, elaborado pelos pesquisadores, ainda não validado. O convite à participação se fez por correio eletrônico a todos os anestesiologistas filiados à Sociedade Brasileira de Anestesiologia (SBA), explicando a natureza e a finalidade da pesquisa e direcionando os interessados, por meio de um link, ao Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE) e ao questionário. Foram incluídos na pesquisa os 30 primeiros questionários respondidos na integralidade, de cada uma das cinco regiões politico-administrativas do Brasil, conforme determinação do método estatístico. Resultados. Os anestesiologistas brasileiros, embora afirmem conhecer os institutos de distanásia e ortotanásia, em sua maioria adquiriram este conhecimento fora da graduação acadêmica. Dentre aquelas práticas, diante da terminalidade do próprio entrevistado, do paciente ou do ente querido, preferem a ortotanásia; que o enfermo terminal morra no lar, priorizando a dignidade. No entanto, afirmam que já aderiram à prática da distanásia, mesmo quando a ortotanásia era a melhor conduta, ainda que tenham discordado, o que gerou frustração e indignação. Quase a integralidade dos entrevistados afirmou não ter tido, durante o curso de graduação, treinamento prático de como lidar com a terminalidade e nem conteúdo satisfatório de Ética e Direito, embora se sinta capaz de diagnosticar paciente acometido de doença incurável, com prognóstico reservado, e orientar com familiaridade condutas paliativas. A maioria não conhece o conteúdo da Resolução do Conselho Federal de Medicina (CFM)1.805/06 que torna ética a ortotanásia. Conclusões: Os anestesiologistas brasileiros afirmam ter conhecimento sobre as práticas da distanásia e ortotanásia. Os anestesiologistas preferem a prática da ortotanásia à da distanásia, diante da terminalidade. Os anestesiologistas afirmam ainda conviver com a prática da distanásia. O ensino da graduação médica pouco contribuiu para a abordagem teórico- prática das questões relacionadas à morte.
Background. The technological and scientific advances of the last century have honored technology and experimental sciences, resulting in imbalance between society values and dehumanization of health professionals, where anesthetists are included. In that universe, we can observe that the hospitals are used as deposits of human suffering in the name of the obstinate struggle for life and dysthanasia is still practiced, when the most dignified conduct would be orthothanasia. The objectives of this study are: evaluate whether Brazilian anesthesiologists know the institutes of dysthanasia and orthothanasia; investigate the preference of the anesthesiologists between dysthanasia and orthothanasia practices, considering the terminally ill patients with incurable disease; investigate whether dysthanasia is still practiced, and finally to investigate how medical education, during graduation in Medical schools have been contributing to theoretical and practical approach to issues related to death. Methods. This research consists in the application of an online questionnaire, prepared by the researchers, not validated yet. The invitation to participate was sent by e-mail to all anesthesiologists affiliated with the Brazilian Society of Anesthesiology (SBA), which has explained the nature and purpose of the research and directed the interested parties, through a link, to the Informed Consent Form (TCLE) followed by the questionnaire. The first 30 completed questionnaires from each of the five political-administrative regions of Brazil were included in the study, according to the determination of the statistical method. Results. Brazilian anesthesiologists, although claiming to know the institutes of dysthanasia and orthothanasia, they acquired that knowledge mostly outside academic graduation. Between those practices, when terminality of the interviewee, the patient or the loved one, is faced, they preferred orthothanasia; as well die at home, prioritizing the dignity. However, they affirm that they have already adhered dysthanasia even when orthothanasia was the best to be practiced, even though they disagreed, which generated frustration and indignation. Almost all of the interviewees affirmed that they had not had practical training in how to deal with terminality and satisfactory contents of Ethic and Law, during graduation, even though they feel capable of diagnosing a patient suffering from an incurable disease and a reserved prognosis and familiarity to guide comfort. Most do not know the content of Resolution of Brazilian Federal Medical Council 1.805 / 06. Conclusions. Brazilian anesthesiologists claim to have knowledge about the practices of dysthanasia and orthothanasia. Anesthesiologists prefer to practice orthothanasia than dysthanasia, when terminality is faced. Anesthesiologists also claim that dysthanasia is still practiced. The teaching of medical graduation does little to contribute to the theorical/practical approach to issues related to death.
Background. The technological and scientific advances of the last century have honored technology and experimental sciences, resulting in imbalance between society values and dehumanization of health professionals, where anesthetists are included. In that universe, we can observe that the hospitals are used as deposits of human suffering in the name of the obstinate struggle for life and dysthanasia is still practiced, when the most dignified conduct would be orthothanasia. The objectives of this study are: evaluate whether Brazilian anesthesiologists know the institutes of dysthanasia and orthothanasia; investigate the preference of the anesthesiologists between dysthanasia and orthothanasia practices, considering the terminally ill patients with incurable disease; investigate whether dysthanasia is still practiced, and finally to investigate how medical education, during graduation in Medical schools have been contributing to theoretical and practical approach to issues related to death. Methods. This research consists in the application of an online questionnaire, prepared by the researchers, not validated yet. The invitation to participate was sent by e-mail to all anesthesiologists affiliated with the Brazilian Society of Anesthesiology (SBA), which has explained the nature and purpose of the research and directed the interested parties, through a link, to the Informed Consent Form (TCLE) followed by the questionnaire. The first 30 completed questionnaires from each of the five political-administrative regions of Brazil were included in the study, according to the determination of the statistical method. Results. Brazilian anesthesiologists, although claiming to know the institutes of dysthanasia and orthothanasia, they acquired that knowledge mostly outside academic graduation. Between those practices, when terminality of the interviewee, the patient or the loved one, is faced, they preferred orthothanasia; as well die at home, prioritizing the dignity. However, they affirm that they have already adhered dysthanasia even when orthothanasia was the best to be practiced, even though they disagreed, which generated frustration and indignation. Almost all of the interviewees affirmed that they had not had practical training in how to deal with terminality and satisfactory contents of Ethic and Law, during graduation, even though they feel capable of diagnosing a patient suffering from an incurable disease and a reserved prognosis and familiarity to guide comfort. Most do not know the content of Resolution of Brazilian Federal Medical Council 1.805 / 06. Conclusions. Brazilian anesthesiologists claim to have knowledge about the practices of dysthanasia and orthothanasia. Anesthesiologists prefer to practice orthothanasia than dysthanasia, when terminality is faced. Anesthesiologists also claim that dysthanasia is still practiced. The teaching of medical graduation does little to contribute to the theorical/practical approach to issues related to death.
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Palavras-chave
dignidade, distanásia, ética, legalidade, ortotanásia, dignity, dysthanasia, ethic, legality, orthothanasia