Sistemas de manejo do solo para retomada do plantio direto
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Data
2018-02-20
Autores
Henriques, Hermano José Ribeiro
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A utilização das regiões de cerrado para a produção agrícola se estabeleceu inicialmente pelo uso intensivo do solo proporcionando alterações nos atributos físicos, químicos e biológicos de acordo com o tipo de manejo adotado. O experimento foi realizado na Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Ensino (FEPE-Cerrado), pertencente à Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira, no município de Selvíria- MS, em um LATOSSOLO VERMELHO Distroférrico, de textura argilosa (EMBRAPA, 2013), nos anos de 2016 a 2017 teve como objetivo de comparar os sistemas de manejo do solo a ser adotada em safras seguidas para estabilização do plantio direto (SPD) nas culturas de soja (verão) e do sorgo (outono-inverno). O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições e sete tratamentos: sistema de semeadura direta contínuo (de 23 e 24 anos de implantação), sendo que cultivo mínimo, preparo convencional do solo com grade pesada e arado de aiveca seguida de três gradagens leves e plantio direto sobre cada destes manejos do solo realizados continuamente com o mesmo número de safras seguidas até a 7° e 8° safra. Para comparação de medias foram avaliados os dados biométricos das culturas da soja e do sorgo, atributos físicos do solo e quantidade de carbono orgânico total. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que os sistemas de semeadura direta contínuo apresentaram maior quantidade de estoque de carbono orgânico total. A elevação da produtividade de grãos de soja está diretamente relacionada à maior presença de plantas no estande final quando o solo foi preparado com grade pesada seguida do tempo de implantação como sistema plantio direto, diferentemente dos manejos de preparo do solo com grade pesada e arado de aiveca contínuo terem menor sobrevivência de plantas, refletiu diretamente na queda de produtividades de grãos de soja em razão do maior campo de visão ter facilitado o ataque de pássaros. Os mesmos tratamentos de manejos do solo adotados na cultura do sorgo apresentaram efeito nulo sobre características biométricas, demostrando que independentemente do tempo de implantação do SPD e manejo do solo adotado anteriormente continua sendo a opção mais viável economicamente para a região de Cerrado.
The use of cerrado regions for agricultural production was established initially with intensive use of the soil, providing changes in the physical, chemical and biological attributes according to the type of management adopted. The experiment was carried out at the Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Ensino (FEPE-Cerrado), belonging to the Faculty of Engineering of Ilha Solteira, in the of Selvíria-MS, in an Oxisol (EMBRAPA, 2013), year period from 2016 to 2017, had the objective of comparing the soil tillage systems to be adopted in crop seasons for stabilization of no-tillage (SPD) in soybean (summer) and sorghum (autumn-winter). The experimental design was a randomized block design, using factorial arrangement with four replications and seven treatments: continuous no-tillage (23 and 24 years of implantation), with minimum tillage, conventional soil tillage with heavy grating, and shisel moldboard pow by three disk plowing followed and no-tillage on each of these soils managed continuously with the same number of harvests followed up to the 7th and 8th harvests. Biometric data from soybean and sorghum cultures, soil physical attributes and amount of total organic carbon were evaluated for comparison of means. The results showed that continuous direct seeding systems presented higher amounts of total organic carbon stock. The increase of soybean grain yield is directly related to the greater presence of plants in the final stand when the soil was prepared with heavy grating followed by the time of implantation as no-tillage system, unlike the soil preparation operations with heavy grating and shisel moldboard pow continued to have lower plant survival, directly reflected in the fall in yields of soybeans because the greater field of view facilitated the attack of birds. The same soil management treatments adopted in the sorghum crop showed zero effect on biometric characteristics, showing that regardless of the time of SPD implementation and previously adopted soil management, it remains the most economically viable option in the Cerrado.
The use of cerrado regions for agricultural production was established initially with intensive use of the soil, providing changes in the physical, chemical and biological attributes according to the type of management adopted. The experiment was carried out at the Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Ensino (FEPE-Cerrado), belonging to the Faculty of Engineering of Ilha Solteira, in the of Selvíria-MS, in an Oxisol (EMBRAPA, 2013), year period from 2016 to 2017, had the objective of comparing the soil tillage systems to be adopted in crop seasons for stabilization of no-tillage (SPD) in soybean (summer) and sorghum (autumn-winter). The experimental design was a randomized block design, using factorial arrangement with four replications and seven treatments: continuous no-tillage (23 and 24 years of implantation), with minimum tillage, conventional soil tillage with heavy grating, and shisel moldboard pow by three disk plowing followed and no-tillage on each of these soils managed continuously with the same number of harvests followed up to the 7th and 8th harvests. Biometric data from soybean and sorghum cultures, soil physical attributes and amount of total organic carbon were evaluated for comparison of means. The results showed that continuous direct seeding systems presented higher amounts of total organic carbon stock. The increase of soybean grain yield is directly related to the greater presence of plants in the final stand when the soil was prepared with heavy grating followed by the time of implantation as no-tillage system, unlike the soil preparation operations with heavy grating and shisel moldboard pow continued to have lower plant survival, directly reflected in the fall in yields of soybeans because the greater field of view facilitated the attack of birds. The same soil management treatments adopted in the sorghum crop showed zero effect on biometric characteristics, showing that regardless of the time of SPD implementation and previously adopted soil management, it remains the most economically viable option in the Cerrado.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Glycine max L., Preparos do solo, Matéria orgânica, Mineralização, Carbono orgânico total, Soil preparation, Organic matter, Mineralization, Total organic carbon