Análise de políticas no campo educacional: a representação de professores e alunos como elemento da cultura da escola no contexto das políticas públicas paulistas entre 2009 e 2016
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2018-03-09
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A análise de políticas públicas tem recebido, nos últimos anos, substancial atenção de pesquisadores e de formuladores de políticas em todo o mundo. No Brasil, o principal foco tem sido os processos de avaliação, com pouco investimento em outros aspectos do ciclo de políticas, tais como as formulações de agendas, o planejamento e a implementação. No campo educacional, este procedimento não se dá de forma diferente. Objetivando contribuir com este campo de conhecimento, a presente dissertação buscou analisar as representações de professores e alunos sobre a relação ensino-aprendizagem como elemento de cultura de escola, no contexto das políticas públicas em educação do governo do Estado de São Paulo, entre os anos de 2009 a 2015. O percurso se deu diante da opção de realizar a Análise de Política no campo educacional (Policy Analysis), tendo como instrumental a análise do ciclo de política (Policy cycle), na perspectiva “de baixo para cima” que tem no professor o último segmento de atores sociais responsáveis pela implementação das políticas públicas neste campo, e nos alunos para quem tais políticas são direcionadas. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa dividida em três momentos. Em um primeiro momento, buscou-se a aproximação conceitual dos dois campos, ou seja, a análise de política e o de cultura da escola, um segundo momento foi dedicado à apresentação das políticas públicas no campo educacional do Estado de São Paulo, por fim, a análise das entrevistas com foco na percepção de professores e alunos, referentes à relação de ensino-aprendizagem. Como metodologia fez-se uso da técnica de entrevista semiestruturada com professores e alunos, em duas unidades educacionais da rede pública do Estado de São Paulo, e posterior análise de conteúdo, a partir de categorias de análise como prescreve Bardin. Os resultados demonstram duas culturas de escola distintas com baixa ou nenhuma adesão às determinações prescritas nas políticas públicas em questão, apontando para a necessidade de outro modelo de reflexão, planejamento e implantação de políticas públicas educacionais. Nesta direção, o produto deste trabalho se materializa como proposta de intervenção para a gestão da cultura de escola, tendo como referência o modelo de administração societal, e em uma perspectiva de políticas públicas de baixo para cima que valorize os saberes e as práticas dos principais agentes de implementação – os professores e a quem se destinam as políticas – os alunos.
For some years now, public policies analysis has gotten substantial attention from researchers and policy makers all over the world. In Brazil, the main focus has been the evaluation processes, with little investment in other aspects of policies cycle, such as formulation of agendas, planning and implementation. In the educational field, this procedure does not happen differently. Aiming to contribute to this field of knowledge, this dissertation aims to demonstrate the analysis of teachers’ and students’ representation on the relationship between teaching and learning as a school culture element in the context of public policies in São Paulo State educational system between 2009 and 2015. The course in this study follows the Policy Analysis in the educational field and it has as an instrument the policy cycle analysis (Policy cycle), on the “bottom-up” perspective, where the teacher is the last segment of social actors responsible for implementing the public policies in this field, and the students are the ones to whom such policies are directed. This qualitative research is divided into three stages. At first we aimed at the conceptual approximation between the two fields, in other words, the policy analysis and the school culture. Secondly, we presented the public policies in the São Paulo State educational system and at last the content analysis with focus on the perception of teachers and students with regard to the relationship between teaching and learning. The methodology used was semistructured interviews with teachers and students from two educational centers in São Paulo State and content analysis based on the analysis categories prescribed by Bardin. The results demonstrate two different school cultures with either low or no adherence to the prescribed determinations in the public policies under discussion, pointing to the need of another model of reflection, planning and implementation of public educational policies. The product of this study serves as an intervention proposal for school culture management, taking into consideration the societal management model and on the perspective of “bottom-up” public policies which value the knowledge and practices of the main implementation agents – the teachers and to whom the policies are directed - the students.
For some years now, public policies analysis has gotten substantial attention from researchers and policy makers all over the world. In Brazil, the main focus has been the evaluation processes, with little investment in other aspects of policies cycle, such as formulation of agendas, planning and implementation. In the educational field, this procedure does not happen differently. Aiming to contribute to this field of knowledge, this dissertation aims to demonstrate the analysis of teachers’ and students’ representation on the relationship between teaching and learning as a school culture element in the context of public policies in São Paulo State educational system between 2009 and 2015. The course in this study follows the Policy Analysis in the educational field and it has as an instrument the policy cycle analysis (Policy cycle), on the “bottom-up” perspective, where the teacher is the last segment of social actors responsible for implementing the public policies in this field, and the students are the ones to whom such policies are directed. This qualitative research is divided into three stages. At first we aimed at the conceptual approximation between the two fields, in other words, the policy analysis and the school culture. Secondly, we presented the public policies in the São Paulo State educational system and at last the content analysis with focus on the perception of teachers and students with regard to the relationship between teaching and learning. The methodology used was semistructured interviews with teachers and students from two educational centers in São Paulo State and content analysis based on the analysis categories prescribed by Bardin. The results demonstrate two different school cultures with either low or no adherence to the prescribed determinations in the public policies under discussion, pointing to the need of another model of reflection, planning and implementation of public educational policies. The product of this study serves as an intervention proposal for school culture management, taking into consideration the societal management model and on the perspective of “bottom-up” public policies which value the knowledge and practices of the main implementation agents – the teachers and to whom the policies are directed - the students.
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Representação de professores e alunos, Ensino-aprendizagem, Análise de política no campo educacional, Cultura de escola, Teachers’ and students’ representation, Teaching and learning, Policy analysis in the educational field, School culture