Análise econômica e ambiental de sistemas de geração alternativa para suprimento energético de carros elétricos
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Data
2018-03-02
Autores
Castro, Thais Santos [UNESP]
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A preocupação com o meio ambiente e com a qualidade do ar tem sido o foco de vários trabalhos nos meios acadêmico e governamental, sabendo-se que e um dos grandes fatores dessa degradação é o meio de transporte. O poder aquisitivo do cidadão brasileiro unido à facilidade da compra de novos carros está crescendo a cada ano, com isso o número de veículos por habitante também tem aumentado; nesse sentido, é essencial que novas tecnologias mais eficientes e com melhor rendimento sejam estudadas e analisadas. Partindo deste conceito, nota-se que os carros elétricos são uma alternativa inteligente para diminuir a degradação provocada pelos combustíveis fósseis. A produção de energia elétrica por meio de fontes renováveis tais como fotovoltaica, biogás, etc., aliada ao baixo custo de manutenção e à longa vida útil, está se tornando uma alternativa atrativa. Neste trabalho são aplicadas metodologias para dimensionamento e análise do custo da geração de energia elétrica através de fontes renováveis: fotovoltaicas e biogás. Considera-se também o custo operacional do carro elétrico sendo abastecido com a eletricidade fornecida por essas fontes e pela energia da concessionária rede, comparado ao custo operacional de um carro de motor de combustão interna. Também é determinado o CO2eq emitido pela utilização da usina fotovoltaica, usina a biogás, energia da rede e pela gasolina e etanol utilizado no carro de MCI. Foi ainda calculado o passivo ambiental associado a cada tipo de tecnologia de geração de eletricidade renovável. Conclui-se que o retorno de investimento para a energia gerada pelo biogás é menor do que para a energia fotovoltaica, porém as duas opções apresentam viabilidade econômica, considerando ainda que a agressão ao meio ambiente é baixa para ambas as tecnologias. Tais fatores propiciam uma alternativa de estudo eficaz afim de customizar o sistema e diminuir o custo de geração de eletricidade e gerar alternativas de redução de CO2eq.
The concern about the environment and the quality of the air has been the focus of several studies in both academic and government fields, showing that one of the main responsible ones for the degradation of the environment is transportation. The acquisition power of Brazilian people coupled with the ease of buying new vehicles is growing every year; as a result, the rate of vehicles per inhabitant has also increased; in this sense, it is of essence that new and more efficient technologies be studied and analyzed. Starting from this concept, electric vehicles are a smart alternative to reduce the degradation caused by fossil fuels. The production of electricity from renewable sources such as photovoltaic, biogas, etc., combined with the fact that those systems have low maintenance costs and long service life is becoming an attractive alternative. In this study, methodologies are applied to calculate and analyze the costs of electricity generation by renewable sources: solar and biomass energy. It is also considered the operating cost of the electric car being fed with the electricity provided by these sources and by grid energy, compared to the operating cost of an internal combustion engine car. The CO2eq emitted by the use of the photovoltaic plant, the biogas plant, the grid energy and the gasoline and ethanol used in the ICE car is also determined. It was also calculated the environmental liabilities associated with each type of renewable electricity generation technology. As a conclusion, this study shows that the return of investment considering the energy generated by biogas systems is lower than the one required to generate photovoltaic energy, but both options present good return of investment, considering also the low level of aggression to the environment. These factors provide an effective option for a study aiming to customize the system and to reduce the electricity generation costs, decreasing CO2 equivalent levels
The concern about the environment and the quality of the air has been the focus of several studies in both academic and government fields, showing that one of the main responsible ones for the degradation of the environment is transportation. The acquisition power of Brazilian people coupled with the ease of buying new vehicles is growing every year; as a result, the rate of vehicles per inhabitant has also increased; in this sense, it is of essence that new and more efficient technologies be studied and analyzed. Starting from this concept, electric vehicles are a smart alternative to reduce the degradation caused by fossil fuels. The production of electricity from renewable sources such as photovoltaic, biogas, etc., combined with the fact that those systems have low maintenance costs and long service life is becoming an attractive alternative. In this study, methodologies are applied to calculate and analyze the costs of electricity generation by renewable sources: solar and biomass energy. It is also considered the operating cost of the electric car being fed with the electricity provided by these sources and by grid energy, compared to the operating cost of an internal combustion engine car. The CO2eq emitted by the use of the photovoltaic plant, the biogas plant, the grid energy and the gasoline and ethanol used in the ICE car is also determined. It was also calculated the environmental liabilities associated with each type of renewable electricity generation technology. As a conclusion, this study shows that the return of investment considering the energy generated by biogas systems is lower than the one required to generate photovoltaic energy, but both options present good return of investment, considering also the low level of aggression to the environment. These factors provide an effective option for a study aiming to customize the system and to reduce the electricity generation costs, decreasing CO2 equivalent levels
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Palavras-chave
Veículo Elétrico, Fotovoltaico, Biogás, Eficiência energética, CO2 Equivalente, Electric Vehicle, Photovoltaics, Energy efficiency, CO2 equivalent