A comunidade zooplanctônica em um gradiente de poluição antrópica em um Complexo Estuarino Lagunar
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Data
2018-03-15
Autores
Macias, Erick Manzano [UNESP]
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A presente dissertação esta composta por três partes. Na primeira parte são apresentadas as fotos dos locais estudados (20) e das espécies zooplanctônicas registradas (seis). A segunda parte apresenta os três objetivos propostos. Finalmente, a terceira parte consta do manuscrito que pretende ser submetido para publicação. Muitos centros urbanos localizam-se próximos às lagoas costeiras, influenciando estes ambientes através de despejos domésticos e industriais. Estes ecossistemas são de extrema importância para a biodiversidade local, incluindo a comunidade zooplanctônica. Foram estudados os fatores físico-químicos e as densidades zooplanctônicas em diferentes escalas (comunidade, grupos, espécies e fases de desenvolvimento); foram identificadas as diferenças (através de ANOVA´s) e a relação que existe entre estas variáveis (através de RDA) ao longo de um gradiente de poluição e um gradiente temporal; e foi quantificado se o gradiente de poluição afeta o estado trófico do CELMM (através de um índice de estado trófico). As coletas foram feitas em quatro áreas em três margens de duas lagoas costeiras e no canal conector do Complexo Estuarino Lagunar Mundaú-Manguaba (CELMM). Em cada área foram distribuídos 5 pontos de coleta, nas estações seca e chuvosa. As áreas encontram-se num gradiente de degradação ambiental de maior a menor poluição. Em cada ponto foram feitas amostragens do zooplâncton; foi mensurado o pH, a temperatura (TEM), o oxigênio dissolvido (OD), a condutividade (COM) e a profundidade (PROF) nas duas estações; e foi mensurada a salinidade (SAL), o carbono orgânico dissolvido (COD) e a clorofila-a (CLOR-A) na estação chuvosa. Foram identificadas diferenças em todos fatores físicos e químicos, exceto no COD sob o gradiente de poluição antrópica. Foram encontradas diferenças no pH, temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido e condutividade, sob a escala temporal. Foram identificadas diferenças nas densidades dos estágios Copepodito e Copepoda; e nas seis espécies que compõem a comunidade, sob o gradiente de poluição antrópica. Foram encontradas diferenças nas densidades dos estágios náuplio pequeno, Copepodito e Copepoda; e nos copépodes, cf. Apocyclops e Calanoida sp1; e nos cladóceros, M. minuta e C. cornuta, sob a escala temporal. Foi identificado que o gradiente de poluição antrópica afeta o nível trófico das lagoas que compõem o CELMM, e que a área menos impactada pela eutrofização é a A1 devido a processos hidrodinâmicos do sistema. Em quanto as relações detectadas, na estação seca houve associação entre: o oxigênio dissolvido e as espécies B. calyciflorus e cf. Apocyclops; a temperatura e M. minuta e C. cornuta; a condutividade e as espécies B. plicatilis e Calanoida sp1. Na estação chuvosa houve associação entre: a condutividade e a salinidade e as espécies B. calyciflorus e cf. Apocyclops; a temperatura e a clorofila-a e as espécies B. plicatilis e Calanoida sp1. Finalmente, sugerimos que as espécies B. plicatilis e B. calyciflorus, servem como bioindicadores da qualidade da água.
The present dissertation is composed of three parts. In the first part, the photos of the studied sites (20) and the registered zooplankton species (six) are presented. The second part presents the three proposed objectives. Finally, the third part consists of the manuscript that intends to be submitted for publication. Many urban centers are located near the coastal lagoons, influencing these environments through domestic and industrial dumps. These ecosystems are of extreme importance to local biodiversity, including the zooplankton community. The physicochemical factors and zooplankton densities were studied at different scales (community, groups, species and stages of development); the differences (through ANOVA's) and the relationship between these variables (through RDA) along a pollution gradient and a time gradient were identified; and was quantified if the pollution gradient affects the trophic state of the CELMM (through a trophic state index). The samples were collected in four areas on three banks of two coastal lagoons and in the connector channel of the Mundaú-Manguaba Estuary Complex Lagoon (CELMM). In each area 5 collection points were distributed in the dry and rainy seasons. The areas are in a gradient of environmental degradation from higher to lower pollution. At each point zooplankton samples were taken; pH, temperature (TEM), dissolved oxygen (OD), conductivity (COM) and depth (PROF) in the two seasons were measured; and salinity (SAL), dissolved organic carbon (COD) and chlorophyll-a (CLOR-A) in the rainy season were measured. Differences were identified in all physical and chemical factors, except in COD under the anthropic pollution gradient. Differences in pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen and conductivity were found under the temporal scale. Differences in the densities of the Copepodite and Copepoda stages were identified; and in the six species that make up the community, under the gradient of anthropic pollution. Differences were found in the densities of the small nauplii, Copepodite and Copepoda stages; and in copepods, cf. Apocyclops and Calanoida sp1; and in the cladocerans, M. minuta and C. cornuta, under the temporal scale. It was identified that the anthropic pollution gradient affects the trophic level of the lagoons that make up the CELMM, and that the area less impacted by eutrophication is the A1 due to hydrodynamic processes of the system. Regarding the relationships detected, in the dry season there was an association between: dissolved oxygen and B. calyciflorus species and cf. Apocyclops; the temperature and M. minuta and C. cornuta; the conductivity and the species B. plicatilis and Calanoida sp1. In the rainy season there was an association between: conductivity and salinity and species B. calyciflorus and cf. Apocyclops; the temperature and chlorophyll-a and the species B. plicatilis and Calanoida sp1. Finally, we suggest that the species B. plicatilis and B. calyciflorus, serve as bioindicators of water quality.
The present dissertation is composed of three parts. In the first part, the photos of the studied sites (20) and the registered zooplankton species (six) are presented. The second part presents the three proposed objectives. Finally, the third part consists of the manuscript that intends to be submitted for publication. Many urban centers are located near the coastal lagoons, influencing these environments through domestic and industrial dumps. These ecosystems are of extreme importance to local biodiversity, including the zooplankton community. The physicochemical factors and zooplankton densities were studied at different scales (community, groups, species and stages of development); the differences (through ANOVA's) and the relationship between these variables (through RDA) along a pollution gradient and a time gradient were identified; and was quantified if the pollution gradient affects the trophic state of the CELMM (through a trophic state index). The samples were collected in four areas on three banks of two coastal lagoons and in the connector channel of the Mundaú-Manguaba Estuary Complex Lagoon (CELMM). In each area 5 collection points were distributed in the dry and rainy seasons. The areas are in a gradient of environmental degradation from higher to lower pollution. At each point zooplankton samples were taken; pH, temperature (TEM), dissolved oxygen (OD), conductivity (COM) and depth (PROF) in the two seasons were measured; and salinity (SAL), dissolved organic carbon (COD) and chlorophyll-a (CLOR-A) in the rainy season were measured. Differences were identified in all physical and chemical factors, except in COD under the anthropic pollution gradient. Differences in pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen and conductivity were found under the temporal scale. Differences in the densities of the Copepodite and Copepoda stages were identified; and in the six species that make up the community, under the gradient of anthropic pollution. Differences were found in the densities of the small nauplii, Copepodite and Copepoda stages; and in copepods, cf. Apocyclops and Calanoida sp1; and in the cladocerans, M. minuta and C. cornuta, under the temporal scale. It was identified that the anthropic pollution gradient affects the trophic level of the lagoons that make up the CELMM, and that the area less impacted by eutrophication is the A1 due to hydrodynamic processes of the system. Regarding the relationships detected, in the dry season there was an association between: dissolved oxygen and B. calyciflorus species and cf. Apocyclops; the temperature and M. minuta and C. cornuta; the conductivity and the species B. plicatilis and Calanoida sp1. In the rainy season there was an association between: conductivity and salinity and species B. calyciflorus and cf. Apocyclops; the temperature and chlorophyll-a and the species B. plicatilis and Calanoida sp1. Finally, we suggest that the species B. plicatilis and B. calyciflorus, serve as bioindicators of water quality.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Lagoas costeiras, índice de estado trófico, eutrofização, degradação da qualidade d’água, Coastal lagoons, trophic status index, eutrophication, water quality degradation