Técnicas de Mineração de Dados em Educação Híbrida desenvolvida segundo a abordagem CCS
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Data
2018-03-16
Autores
Tamae, Rodrigo Yoshio
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Esta pesquisa de doutorado está vinculada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (FCT/Unesp), campus de Presidente Prudente-SP, na linha de pesquisa "Processos Formativos, Ensino e Aprendizagem", nas áreas de Educação a distância (EaD) e Formação de Professores. O grande avanço das Tecnologias Digitais da Informação e da Comunicação (TDIC) tem provocado inúmeras mudanças em todas as áreas da ciência. Na Educação ocorre a ampla adoção e utilização dos Ambientes Virtuais de Aprendizagem (AVA), os quais podem contribuir para a utilização de TDIC, metodologias ativas de aprendizagem e que favorecem a abordagem Construcionista, Contextualizada e Significativa (CCS). A abordagem CCS é aquela em que o cursista utiliza a tecnologia como instrumento para produzir algo que parte da sua vivência e realidade, e ao se deparar com os conceitos curriculares, o professor atua como mediador para ajudá-lo a formalizar esses conceitos. Nesse contexto, a Internet e os dispositivos móveis passaram a ser utilizados em escala crescente, e tem contribuído para a proliferação de grande quantidade de dados em formato digital que, por sua vez, ainda são pouco utilizados para gerar a descoberta de conhecimento em contextos educacionais. É onde destaca-se a área de mineração de dados educacionais (MDE), que consiste no desenvolvimento de métodos e técnicas orientados a explorar tais dados digitais para melhor compreender o comportamento dos cursistas e em quais condições eles aprendem. Assim, "como utilizar técnicas de MDE para identificar indícios da abordagem CCS nos cursos da modalidade híbrida?" é a questão que norteia esta pesquisa de doutorado, pois mesmo professores qualificados para atividades docentes, muitas vezes, não possuem proficiência suficiente quanto ao uso de recursos computacionais, tais como linguagens de programação e ferramentas de banco de dados, e muito menos, quanto ao uso de técnicas de mineração de dados aplicadas à contextos educacionais. A pesquisa fez uso tanto da abordagem quantitativa quanto qualitativa, com base no delineamento metodológico Ex Post Facto ou Pesquisa não-experimental, pois o estudo foi realizado após a conclusão dos fatos. Para responder as questões norteadoras, o curso de Educação Especial na Perspectiva Inclusiva do programa Redefor/Unesp foi analisado a partir das categorias CCS (contexto do cursista, espiral de aprendizagem e ciclo de ações, aprendizagem em rede, papel do professor e formalização de conceitos) definidas com base nas indicações de Schlünzen (2000; 2015), Santos (2015) e Valente (2005). Foi utilizado o modelo de mineração de dados proposto por Fayad, Piatetsky-Shapiro e Smyth (1996) e as fases que consomem maior esforço repetitivo possibilitaram o mapeamento de padrões a serem seguidos, e para minimizar os esforços e maximizar os resultados, foi proposto e implementado um protótipo de software denominado EDMXP (Educational Data Mining eXPeriment) em linguagem de programação Java para o suporte às atividades de seleção, pré-processamento, mineração e análise de dados. As tarefas de mineração de dados utilizadas foram as de agrupamento e classificação representadas pelos algoritmos Simple KMeans, VSM e J48. Os resultados foram compilados em uma linguagem que possibilita aos profissionais de Educação melhor compreenderem os resultados (tabelas e gráficos), além de um quadro de indicadores de desempenho (dashboard). Ao final, foi possível constatar que a MDE pode ser um fator transformador em Educação a partir do momento que possibilita que se tome decisões com base em dados e em fatos, e não apenas de forma intuitiva ou por meio de experiências vivênciadas. Representa, portanto, uma nova forma de fazer e pensar a Educação.
This doctoral research is bound to the Graduate Program in Education of the Faculty of Science and Technology of the São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (FCT / Unesp), Campus of Presidente Prudente-SP, in the research line "Formative Processes, Teaching and Learning", in the areas of Distance Education (D-Learning) and Teacher Training. The great advance of the Digital Technologies of Information and Communication (DTIC) has caused fullness changes in all areas of science. In Education there is a widespread adoption and use of Virtual Learning Environment (VLE), which can contribute to the use of DTIC, active learning methodologies and favoring the Constructionist, Contextualized and Significative (CCS) approach. The CCS approach is that in which student uses technology as an instrument to produce something that arise in your own experience and reality, and when he came across with curricular concepts, teacher acts as mediator to help him to formalize these concepts. In these context, the Internet and mobile devices started to be used on a growing scale and have contributed to the proliferation of large amounts of data in digital format, which in turn are little used to generate the knowledge discovery in educational contexts. It's where stands out the area of Educational Data Mining (EDM), which consists in the development of methods and techniques designed to exploit such digital data to better understand students behavior's and in what conditions they learn. Thus, "how to use EDM techniques to identify evidence of CCS approach in hybrid mode courses?" it's the issue that guides this doctoral research, because even qualified teachers for teaching activities often lack sufficient proficiency in the use of computational resources, such as programming languages and database tools, much less regarding the use of data mining techniques applied to educational contexts. The research made use of both quantitative and qualitative approach, based on the methodological design Ex Post Facto or non-experimental research, once this study was conducted after the completion of the facts. To answer the leading questions, the Special Education course in the Inclusive Perspective of the Redefor / Unesp program was analyzed from the CCS categories (student's context, learning spiral and cycle of actions, learning network, teacher role and concepts formalization) defined according to the indications of Schlünzen (2000; 2015), Santos (2015) and Valente (2005). It was used the data mining model proposed by Fayad, Piatetsky-Shapiro and Smyth (1996) and the phases that consume most repetitive effort allowed the mapping of patterns to be followed, and to minimize efforts and to maximize results, was proposed and implemented a software prototype named EDMXP (Educational Data Mining eXPeriment) in Java programming language to support selection, preprocessing, mining and data analysis activities. The data mining tasks used were clustering and classification tasks represented by the Simple KMeans, VSM and J48 algorithms. The results were compiled in a language that enables Education professionals to better understand results (tables and graphs), as well as a dashboard of performance indicators. Finally, it was possible to verify that EDM can be a transforming factor in Education from the moment that allows decisions based on data and facts, and not only in an intuitive way or by lived experiences. It represents, therefore, a new way of doing and thinking Education.
This doctoral research is bound to the Graduate Program in Education of the Faculty of Science and Technology of the São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (FCT / Unesp), Campus of Presidente Prudente-SP, in the research line "Formative Processes, Teaching and Learning", in the areas of Distance Education (D-Learning) and Teacher Training. The great advance of the Digital Technologies of Information and Communication (DTIC) has caused fullness changes in all areas of science. In Education there is a widespread adoption and use of Virtual Learning Environment (VLE), which can contribute to the use of DTIC, active learning methodologies and favoring the Constructionist, Contextualized and Significative (CCS) approach. The CCS approach is that in which student uses technology as an instrument to produce something that arise in your own experience and reality, and when he came across with curricular concepts, teacher acts as mediator to help him to formalize these concepts. In these context, the Internet and mobile devices started to be used on a growing scale and have contributed to the proliferation of large amounts of data in digital format, which in turn are little used to generate the knowledge discovery in educational contexts. It's where stands out the area of Educational Data Mining (EDM), which consists in the development of methods and techniques designed to exploit such digital data to better understand students behavior's and in what conditions they learn. Thus, "how to use EDM techniques to identify evidence of CCS approach in hybrid mode courses?" it's the issue that guides this doctoral research, because even qualified teachers for teaching activities often lack sufficient proficiency in the use of computational resources, such as programming languages and database tools, much less regarding the use of data mining techniques applied to educational contexts. The research made use of both quantitative and qualitative approach, based on the methodological design Ex Post Facto or non-experimental research, once this study was conducted after the completion of the facts. To answer the leading questions, the Special Education course in the Inclusive Perspective of the Redefor / Unesp program was analyzed from the CCS categories (student's context, learning spiral and cycle of actions, learning network, teacher role and concepts formalization) defined according to the indications of Schlünzen (2000; 2015), Santos (2015) and Valente (2005). It was used the data mining model proposed by Fayad, Piatetsky-Shapiro and Smyth (1996) and the phases that consume most repetitive effort allowed the mapping of patterns to be followed, and to minimize efforts and to maximize results, was proposed and implemented a software prototype named EDMXP (Educational Data Mining eXPeriment) in Java programming language to support selection, preprocessing, mining and data analysis activities. The data mining tasks used were clustering and classification tasks represented by the Simple KMeans, VSM and J48 algorithms. The results were compiled in a language that enables Education professionals to better understand results (tables and graphs), as well as a dashboard of performance indicators. Finally, it was possible to verify that EDM can be a transforming factor in Education from the moment that allows decisions based on data and facts, and not only in an intuitive way or by lived experiences. It represents, therefore, a new way of doing and thinking Education.
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Palavras-chave
Mineração de dados educacionais, Abordagem Construcionista Contextualizada e Significativa, Ambiente Virtual de Aprendizagem, Educação Híbrida, Educação a Distância, Educational Data Mining, Constructionist, Contextualised and Significative Approach, Virtual Learning Environment, Hybrid Education, Distance Education