Estrutura populacional de Drosophila sturtevanti (subgrupo sturtevanti; grupo saltans) por meio de microssatélites espécie-específicos e biodiversidade de drosofilídeos em domínios da Mata Atlântica
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Data
2018-02-28
Autores
Trava, Bruna Memari
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Drosophila sturtevanti é uma espécie neotropical com distribuição geográfica extensa que ocorre do México ao sul do Brasil e nas ilhas do Caribe. Na América do Sul é abundante e adaptada a diferentes fitofisionomias da Mata Atlântica. Estudos reprodutivos, cromossômicos, enzimáticos, moleculares e morfológicos indicam a existência de diferenciação entre suas populações. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o nível de diversidade genética e analisar a estrutura das populações de três regiões geográficas do Brasil em áreas da Mata Atlântica do Nordeste, Sudeste e Sul usando microssatélites espécie-específicos. No presente estudo, 126 machos de D. sturtevanti foram coletados em nove fragmentos da Mata Atlântica e analisados para 11 locos de microssatélites espécie-específicos. Um total de 109 alelos foram produzidos, variando de 2 a 16 alelos por loco, e a heterozigosidade média observada foi baixa (0,20 a 0,38). Houve uma diferenciação genética moderada (FST = 0,08) entre populações e alta deficiência heterozigótica. Não houve correlação entre distância genética e geográfica. Mais de 50% das populações apresentaram as frequências alélicas fora do equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg. Os marcadores microssatélites mostraram um polimorfismo considerável e riqueza alélica nas populações de D. sturtevanti, bem como uma estrutura populacional moderada que sugere evidência de fluxo gênico. A maior diferenciação da população de Ribeirão da Ilha, SC pode ser atribuída ao efeito de fundação e / ou ausência de fluxo gênico devido à sua posição geográfica isolada (uma ilha). Também foi detectada a presença de um gargalo genético na população de Guaribas, PB. No presente trabalho foi realizado também um estudo da biodiversidade de drosofilídeos em diferentes áreas de domínio da Mata Atlântica. Neste estudo, foi avaliada a composição faunística, abundância e riqueza das espécies de drosofilídeos de quatro remanescentes florestais do estado de São Paulo: Parque Estadual Serra da Cantareira (SDC), Parque Estadual Picinguaba (PIC), Matão (MAT) e Nova Granada (NGR). Para as coletas foram utilizadas 60 armadilhas fechadas distribuídas em seis transectos paralelos sentido borda-interior, contendo isca de banana e levedura. Todos os machos coletados e os machos F1 obtidos das isolinhagens de fêmeas crípticas foram identificados pela análise do edeago. No total, 19.685 indivíduos foram coletados e 5.886 machos foram identificados. Ao todo, foram identificadas 49 espécies de drosofilídeos (incluindo Zaprionus indianus e Scaptodrosophila latisfaciaerfomis). As áreas estudadas não diferiram significativamente em relação à abundância das espécies coletadas, no entanto, elas diferiram em riqueza de espécies. Um total de 30 espécies foram identificadas em Serra da Cantareira; 26 em Picinguaba; 24 em Matão e 17 em Nova Granada. As áreas da Serra da Cantareira e Picinguaba apresentam a maior extensão e preservação e foram as áreas com a maior abundância (72%) de D. willistoni, uma espécie característica de mata bem preservada, e 21 espécies foram exclusivas dessas áreas. Em contraste, as áreas de Matão e Nova Granada foram caracterizadas pela maior abundância de espécies invasoras, as quais indicam um menor grau de preservação. Esses resultados corroboram o uso da abundância de drosofilídeos em estudos de monitoramento e preservação ambiental.
Drosophila sturtevanti is a Neotropical species with extensive geographic distribution occurring from Mexico to the south of Brazil and the Caribbean islands. In South America it is abundant and adapted to different phytophysiognomies of the Atlantic Forest. Reproductive, chromosomal, enzymatic, molecular and morphological studies indicate the existence of differentiation among their populations. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the level of genetic diversity and to analyze the structure of the populations of three geographic regions of Brazil in areas of the Atlantic Forest of the Northeast, Southeast and South using species-specific microsatellites. In the present study, 126 males from D. sturtevanti were collected from nine fragments of the Atlantic Forest and analyzed for 11 species-specific microsatellite loci. A total of 109 alleles, ranging from 2 to 16 alleles per polymorphism locus, were produced, and the observed mean heterozygosity was low (0.20 to 0.38). There was a moderate genetic differentiation between populations (FST = 0.08) and high heterozygotus deficiency. Geographical distances did not contribute to genetic differentiation. More than 50% of the populations presented the allelic frequency out of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Microsatellite markers showed a considerable and allelic richness in the populations of D. sturtevanti, as well as a moderate population structure indicating evidence of gene flow. The high differentiation of the population of Ribeirão da Ilha / SC, which can be attributed to the effect of foundation and / or absence of gene flow due to its isolated geographic position (an island), is also highlighted. It was also observed the presence of a genetic bottleneck in the population of Guaribas/PB that may be due to the occurrence of recent burning in this area. The present work was also a study of the biodiversity of drosofilídeos in different areas of dominion of the Atlantic Forest. In this study, was ecologically evaluating a faunal composition, abundance and richness of the drosofilidae species of four forest remnants of the São Paulo: Parque Estadual Serra da Cantareira, Parque Estadual Picinguaba, Matão and Nova Granada. The collections were carried out with 60 closed traps, containing banana bait and biological yeast, distributed in 6 parallel transects sense edge-interior. All collected males and the F1 males of the cryptic females were identified by the analysis of the aedeagus. In total, 19.685 individuals were collected and 5.886 males were identified. In all, 46 species of drosophilids (including Zaprionus indianus and Scaptodrosophila latisfaciaerfomis) were identified. The studied areas did not differ significantly in relation to the abundance of the species collected, however, they differed in species richness. A total of 30 species were identified in Serra da Cantareira; 26 in Picinguaba; 24 in Matão and 17 in Nova Granada. The areas Serra da Cantareira and Picinguaba have greater extension and preservation corroborated by the high abundance (72%) of D. willistoni and 21 exclusive species were found in these areas. In contrast, the areas Matão and Nova Granada are characterized by the greater abundance of invasive species, indicating a lower degree of preservation. These results corroborate the use of the abundance of drosophilids in studies of monitoring and preservation environmental.
Drosophila sturtevanti is a Neotropical species with extensive geographic distribution occurring from Mexico to the south of Brazil and the Caribbean islands. In South America it is abundant and adapted to different phytophysiognomies of the Atlantic Forest. Reproductive, chromosomal, enzymatic, molecular and morphological studies indicate the existence of differentiation among their populations. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the level of genetic diversity and to analyze the structure of the populations of three geographic regions of Brazil in areas of the Atlantic Forest of the Northeast, Southeast and South using species-specific microsatellites. In the present study, 126 males from D. sturtevanti were collected from nine fragments of the Atlantic Forest and analyzed for 11 species-specific microsatellite loci. A total of 109 alleles, ranging from 2 to 16 alleles per polymorphism locus, were produced, and the observed mean heterozygosity was low (0.20 to 0.38). There was a moderate genetic differentiation between populations (FST = 0.08) and high heterozygotus deficiency. Geographical distances did not contribute to genetic differentiation. More than 50% of the populations presented the allelic frequency out of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Microsatellite markers showed a considerable and allelic richness in the populations of D. sturtevanti, as well as a moderate population structure indicating evidence of gene flow. The high differentiation of the population of Ribeirão da Ilha / SC, which can be attributed to the effect of foundation and / or absence of gene flow due to its isolated geographic position (an island), is also highlighted. It was also observed the presence of a genetic bottleneck in the population of Guaribas/PB that may be due to the occurrence of recent burning in this area. The present work was also a study of the biodiversity of drosofilídeos in different areas of dominion of the Atlantic Forest. In this study, was ecologically evaluating a faunal composition, abundance and richness of the drosofilidae species of four forest remnants of the São Paulo: Parque Estadual Serra da Cantareira, Parque Estadual Picinguaba, Matão and Nova Granada. The collections were carried out with 60 closed traps, containing banana bait and biological yeast, distributed in 6 parallel transects sense edge-interior. All collected males and the F1 males of the cryptic females were identified by the analysis of the aedeagus. In total, 19.685 individuals were collected and 5.886 males were identified. In all, 46 species of drosophilids (including Zaprionus indianus and Scaptodrosophila latisfaciaerfomis) were identified. The studied areas did not differ significantly in relation to the abundance of the species collected, however, they differed in species richness. A total of 30 species were identified in Serra da Cantareira; 26 in Picinguaba; 24 in Matão and 17 in Nova Granada. The areas Serra da Cantareira and Picinguaba have greater extension and preservation corroborated by the high abundance (72%) of D. willistoni and 21 exclusive species were found in these areas. In contrast, the areas Matão and Nova Granada are characterized by the greater abundance of invasive species, indicating a lower degree of preservation. These results corroborate the use of the abundance of drosophilids in studies of monitoring and preservation environmental.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Diversidade genética, Drosofilídeos, Fragmentação da Mata Atlântica, Marcador molecular, SSRs, Drosophilids, Fragmentation Atlantic Forest, Genetic diversity, Marker molecular