Redes sociais e capital social: uma análise de uma rede interorganizacional na cadeia produtiva do cacau no sul da Bahia
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Data
2018-04-26
Autores
Marcório, Wilcer André
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O cacau chegou ao estado da Bahia em 1746, mas sua expansão foi marcada a partir de 1820. Entre 1820 e 1985, a cacauicultura baiana evoluiu de modo a ultrapassar os volumes produzidos pelo Amazonas e pelo Pará, e de forma a compor a base da economia do estado. É importante destacar que foi a região Sul da Bahia que contribuiu em grande parte para o crescimento da produção de cacau e, levando em conta suas heranças históricas, culturais, políticas e sociais, a região ficou conhecida como “civilização do cacau”. Após a crise que se iniciou no final da década de 1980, a região sul da Bahia teve como estratégia para a retomada do crescimento a diversificação econômica, em busca de uma dinâmica menos dependente da cadeia produtiva do cacau. No âmbito da atividade cacaueira, os produtores baianos precisaram se reorganizar para prosperar dentro de um novo contexto. A restruturação da cadeia produtiva do cacau no Sul Baiano reúne alternativas que atribuem um novo significado ao território, buscam novas oportunidades de mercado, a modernização de práticas produtivas e que salientam a importância da mobilização entre atores locais e agentes externos para a formação de redes e novas organizações sociais. Uma rede formada por diferentes atores que fazem parte da cadeia produtiva do cacau de qualidade na microrregião Ilhéus-Itabuna foi escolhida como objeto de estudo. Nesse sentido, ficou estabelecido como problema de pesquisa: Como a organização dos atores em rede pode contribuir para o fortalecimento do capital social na microrregião de Itabuna-Ilhéus? Para responder ao problema central, delimitou-se como objetivo geral: analisar como a organização dos atores em rede tem fortalecido o capital social na microrregião Ilhéus-Itabuna. De forma a responder o questionamento central com maior riqueza de detalhes foram determinados três objetivos específicos: mapear a rede e seus relacionamentos; caracterizar a rede por meio de indicadores e medidas da rede e das organizações; analisar o capital social. A amostra de pesquisa foi selecionada de forma intencional e não probabilística, totalizando nove organizações. A coleta de dados aconteceu em setembro de 2017, por meio da aplicação presencial de formulários estruturados. A análise dos dados sobre a rede e as organizações foi feita pelo software UCINET6. Os resultados mostraram que as organizações mais centrais, em termos de confiança, proximidade, controle de informações da rede foram o Instituto Arapyaú, a Associação Cacau Sul Bahia, o CIC e a CEPLAC, cada um atuando em frentes que fomentam tanto a produção como o processamento de cacau de maior qualidade. Percebeu-se na análise do capital social que há um objetivo comum que mobiliza os atores, as ações são recíprocas, mas que laços de amizade já existiam antes da consolidação da rede. Além disso, os resultados apontam os pontos fortes e fracos da rede e das organizações, contribuindo para que elas possam trabalhar para ampliar seu alcance.
The cocoa, originally found in the Brazilian Amazon region, reached the state of Bahia in 1746, but its expansion succeeded from 1820. Between 1820 and 1985, the Bahian Cacauicultura evolved in order to overcome the volumes produced by Amazonas and Pará, and has composed the basis of the state economy. It is important to highlight that it was the southern region of Bahia which contributed greatly to the growth of cocoa production and, taking into account its historical, cultural, political and social heritage, the region became known as "Cocoa civilization". After the crisis that began in the late 1980, the region has developed a diverse economy, less dependent of the cocoa production chain. The restructuring of the cocoa production chain in Southern Bahia brings together alternatives that attach a new meaning to the territory, they seek new market opportunities, modernizing productive practices and highlighting the importance of mobilizing local actors and external agents for the formation of networks and new social organizations. It was chosen as object of study a network of different actors that are part of the production chain of quality cocoa in the Ilhéus-Itabuna micro-region. In this sense, it was established as a research problem: How can the organization of network actors contribute to the strengthening of social capital in the Itabuna-Ilhéus microregion? The answer to the central problem was delimited as a general objective: to analyze how the organization of the actors in the social capital network in the Ilhéus-Itabuna micro-region. Demand to respond to the central question with greater wealth of information in order to have the determined objectives: to map a network and its relationships; features a network of indicators and measures of the network and organizations; analyze the social capital. The research sample was selected intentionally and non-probabilistic, totaling nine organizations. A survey of data took place in September 2017, through the use of structured market concepts. The analysis of the data on the network and the organizations was made by the software UCINET6, considering the dynamicity of the network, the indicators of centrality of degree, the relation and intermediation of organizations. Already an analysis of social capital occurred through the interpretation of the data based on the basic descriptive statistics, considering the structural, relational and cognitive dimensions of social capital. The results were more than central, in terms of trust, proximity, control of information of the network were the Arapyaú Institute, a Southern Cocoa Association of Bahia, the CIC and a CEPLAC. It was noticed in the analysis of the social capital that it is very common that mobilizes the actors, as the actions are reciprocal, but which are already games of friendship before the consolidation of the network. I could conclude with the study that I would work in network the opportunities of forming a Local Productive Arrangement (APL). In addition, the results are important and weak in the network and organizations.
The cocoa, originally found in the Brazilian Amazon region, reached the state of Bahia in 1746, but its expansion succeeded from 1820. Between 1820 and 1985, the Bahian Cacauicultura evolved in order to overcome the volumes produced by Amazonas and Pará, and has composed the basis of the state economy. It is important to highlight that it was the southern region of Bahia which contributed greatly to the growth of cocoa production and, taking into account its historical, cultural, political and social heritage, the region became known as "Cocoa civilization". After the crisis that began in the late 1980, the region has developed a diverse economy, less dependent of the cocoa production chain. The restructuring of the cocoa production chain in Southern Bahia brings together alternatives that attach a new meaning to the territory, they seek new market opportunities, modernizing productive practices and highlighting the importance of mobilizing local actors and external agents for the formation of networks and new social organizations. It was chosen as object of study a network of different actors that are part of the production chain of quality cocoa in the Ilhéus-Itabuna micro-region. In this sense, it was established as a research problem: How can the organization of network actors contribute to the strengthening of social capital in the Itabuna-Ilhéus microregion? The answer to the central problem was delimited as a general objective: to analyze how the organization of the actors in the social capital network in the Ilhéus-Itabuna micro-region. Demand to respond to the central question with greater wealth of information in order to have the determined objectives: to map a network and its relationships; features a network of indicators and measures of the network and organizations; analyze the social capital. The research sample was selected intentionally and non-probabilistic, totaling nine organizations. A survey of data took place in September 2017, through the use of structured market concepts. The analysis of the data on the network and the organizations was made by the software UCINET6, considering the dynamicity of the network, the indicators of centrality of degree, the relation and intermediation of organizations. Already an analysis of social capital occurred through the interpretation of the data based on the basic descriptive statistics, considering the structural, relational and cognitive dimensions of social capital. The results were more than central, in terms of trust, proximity, control of information of the network were the Arapyaú Institute, a Southern Cocoa Association of Bahia, the CIC and a CEPLAC. It was noticed in the analysis of the social capital that it is very common that mobilizes the actors, as the actions are reciprocal, but which are already games of friendship before the consolidation of the network. I could conclude with the study that I would work in network the opportunities of forming a Local Productive Arrangement (APL). In addition, the results are important and weak in the network and organizations.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Redes sociais, Capital Social, Cadeia produtiva do cacau, Microrregião Ilhéus-Itabuna, Social networks, Social capital, Cocoa's production chain, Ilhéus-Itabuna micro-region