Consumismo e educação infantil: um estudo sobre crenças e hábitos de docentes e alunos
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Data
2018-05-28
Autores
Pereira, Denise Rocha Pereira [UNESP]
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O consumismo representa um sério problema da sociedade contemporânea que se baseia em valores materiais e atinge negativamente o processo de formação de identidade das crianças desde tenra idade. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo maior identificar aspectos envolvendo o consumismo em contextos da educação infantil, conhecendo crenças dos alunos e professores em relação às questões de consumismo e suas interfaces, identificando elementos da rotina escolar e as interações que ocorrem na sala de aula que possam remeter ao consumismo. Para atingir tais objetivos, foi realizado um estudo de caso integrado, com uma abordagem qualitativa-quantitativa em 10 salas de pré-escola de três escolas públicas de educação infantil, localizadas numa cidade do interior do estado de São Paulo. Os participantes foram dez professores do segundo ano da educação pré-escolar e 23 alunos também desta modalidade educativa, com idade de cinco anos de uma 11ª sala. Os instrumentos utilizados para a coleta foram entrevistas semiestruturadas e roteiros de observação. Para a observação das salas de aula, foi utilizado um roteiro preenchido pela pesquisadora, contemplando diferentes aspectos que caracterizavam o ambiente tais como decoração, brinquedos, materiais, conteúdos e interações. Aos docentes, foram aplicadas entrevistas semiestruturadas sobre práticas do cotidiano pedagógico e aspectos do consumismo. As crianças foram submetidas a uma entrevista semiestruturada por meio do método clínico-crítico, envolvendo primeiramente a realização de desenhos, e na sequência questões acerca do consumismo. Após a coleta de dados, realizamos a análise do conteúdo de forma qualitativa e quantitativa, com a organização de eixos temáticos sobre elementos que pudessem evidenciar a perspectiva dos professores e alunos a respeito do assunto. Os resultados demostraram que o ambiente escolar da educação infantil traz elementos que evidenciam o consumismo infantil, entre eles, a presença de personagens midiáticos em diferentes objetos, principalmente aqueles trazidos pelas próprias crianças; nas crenças de professores revela-se por vezes um princípio ingênuo acerca do consumismo, contudo, a maioria dos professores considera as crianças consumistas e acredita ser um assunto possível de ser trabalhado no currículo e não tenhamos detectado situações mais sistematizadas em que esse trabalho estivesse sendo desenvolvido. Foi possível observar, ainda, que as crianças de cinco anos já possuem crenças consumistas que refletem a condição pós-moderna às quais estão expostas revelando conhecimentos, comportamentos e interesse em artefatos da indústria cultural, como também foi possível diagnosticar a vulnerabilidade ao qual estão expostas. Diante disso, acreditamos na necessidade da alfabetização econômica nessa nova era, em novas linguagens, e que algumas práticas já existentes na educação infantil podem ser transformadas para a reflexão sobre o consumismo e que este estudo pode colaborar no desenvolvimento de um trabalho interdisciplinar sobre o consumismo nesta etapa de ensino, ressignificando conteúdos e metodologias já presentes, a partir de princípios construtivistas que respeitem a condição singular da criança e do seu desenvolvimento.
Consumerism represents an acute problem in contemporary society that is based on material values and that negatively affects the process of identity formation of children from an early age. In this sense, the present research is aimed to identify aspects involving the consumerism in contexts of child education by recognizing the beliefs of students and teachers in relation to the questions of consumerism and its interfaces and identifying elements of the school routine and the interactions that occur in classroom that can refer to consumerism. In order to achieve these objectives, an integrated case study, with a qualitative-quantitative approach, was conducted in ten pre-school classrooms of three public schools for children's education, located in a city in the countryside of the state of São Paulo. The participants were ten teachers from the second year of pre-school education and 23 students from this kind of education, aged five, coming from an 11th room. The instruments used for the collection were semi-structured interviews and observation scripts. For the observation of the classrooms, a script was filled by the researcher, contemplating different aspects that characterized the environment such as decoration, toys, materials, contents and interactions. The teachers applied semi-structured interviews on pedagogical practices and aspects of consumerism. The children were submitted to a semi-structured interview by means of the clinical-critical method, first involving drawings and in the sequence questions about consumerism. After the data collection, the content analysis was performed in a qualitative and quantitative way, with the organization of thematic axes on elements that could evidence the perspective of teachers and students regarding the subject. The results showed that the school environment of child education brings elements that evidence child consumption, among them, the presence of media characters in different objects, especially those brought by the children themselves; in teachers' beliefs it is sometimes revealed as a naïve principle about consumption, however, most teachers consider children as consumerists and believe that it is a possible subject to be worked in the curriculum although we have not detected more systematized situations in which this work was being developed. It was also possible to observe that the five-year-old children already have consumerist beliefs that reflect the post-modern condition to which they are exposed, and which reveals knowledge, behaviors and interests in cultural industry artifacts, as well as the vulnerability to which they are exposed. Given this, we believe in the need for economic literacy in this new era, in new languages. In addition, some existing practices in early childhood education can be transformed into a reflection on consumerism, and this study can collaborate in the development of an interdisciplinary work on consumerism in this stage of teaching, resignifying contents and methodologies already present, based on constructivist principles that respect the unique condition of children and their development.
Consumerism represents an acute problem in contemporary society that is based on material values and that negatively affects the process of identity formation of children from an early age. In this sense, the present research is aimed to identify aspects involving the consumerism in contexts of child education by recognizing the beliefs of students and teachers in relation to the questions of consumerism and its interfaces and identifying elements of the school routine and the interactions that occur in classroom that can refer to consumerism. In order to achieve these objectives, an integrated case study, with a qualitative-quantitative approach, was conducted in ten pre-school classrooms of three public schools for children's education, located in a city in the countryside of the state of São Paulo. The participants were ten teachers from the second year of pre-school education and 23 students from this kind of education, aged five, coming from an 11th room. The instruments used for the collection were semi-structured interviews and observation scripts. For the observation of the classrooms, a script was filled by the researcher, contemplating different aspects that characterized the environment such as decoration, toys, materials, contents and interactions. The teachers applied semi-structured interviews on pedagogical practices and aspects of consumerism. The children were submitted to a semi-structured interview by means of the clinical-critical method, first involving drawings and in the sequence questions about consumerism. After the data collection, the content analysis was performed in a qualitative and quantitative way, with the organization of thematic axes on elements that could evidence the perspective of teachers and students regarding the subject. The results showed that the school environment of child education brings elements that evidence child consumption, among them, the presence of media characters in different objects, especially those brought by the children themselves; in teachers' beliefs it is sometimes revealed as a naïve principle about consumption, however, most teachers consider children as consumerists and believe that it is a possible subject to be worked in the curriculum although we have not detected more systematized situations in which this work was being developed. It was also possible to observe that the five-year-old children already have consumerist beliefs that reflect the post-modern condition to which they are exposed, and which reveals knowledge, behaviors and interests in cultural industry artifacts, as well as the vulnerability to which they are exposed. Given this, we believe in the need for economic literacy in this new era, in new languages. In addition, some existing practices in early childhood education can be transformed into a reflection on consumerism, and this study can collaborate in the development of an interdisciplinary work on consumerism in this stage of teaching, resignifying contents and methodologies already present, based on constructivist principles that respect the unique condition of children and their development.
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Palavras-chave
Consumismo infantil, Educação infantil, Epistemologia genética, Método clínico-crítico, Consumerism, Child education, Genetic epistemology, Clinical-critical method