Sistemas de produção como fatores determinantes da quantidade e qualidade da matéria orgânica do solo
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Data
2017-07-03
Autores
Rigon, João Paulo Gonsiorkiewicz
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O manejo inadequado do solo pode intensificar a degradação da sua estrutura, provocando perda de sua capacidade produtiva. Por este motivo é importante potencializar a produção agrícola e manejo sustentável por técnicas conservacionistas. Neste sentido, dois experimentos são conduzidos com diferentes rotações de culturas em sistema de semeadura direta (SSD) desde 2003 e 2006 em Nitossolo e Latossolo, respectivamente. São cultivadas três safras anuais, onde as parcelas de outono-inverno são compostas por meio do triticale ou girassol no Nitossolo e brachiaria ou sogo granífero em sistema solteiro e o consórcio entre ambos no Latossolo. Como subparcelas são cultivadas as culturas de primavera (milheto, crotalária, sorgo forrageiro em ambos os solos, tendo no Nitossolo um tratamento adicional denominado escarificação/pousio. A soja foi cultivada cada ano no verão desde o início dos experimentos. No primeiro capítulo foi analisada a quantidade e a qualidade dos resíduos culturais na superfície do solo nas diferentes safras, objetivando determinar influências nos fluxos de CO2, estoques de C e N do solo, assim como a qualidade da matéria orgânica quantificada pelo fracionamento físico e químico. No segundo capítulo foram abordados o potencial de mineralização de C e N dos solos, frações de C, assim como a biomassa microbiana. Também a estabilidade de agregados destes solos foram analisadas procurando verificar se as rotações de culturas afetam a agregação do solo. Observou-se que as rotações de culturas influenciaram os teores e estoques de C e N, sendo que a ausência de cultivo de primavera limita estes valores. A qualidade dos resíduos culturais influencia nas frações mais humificadas da MOS. Enquanto que a agregação do solo é favorecida com o aumento dos teores de C e N no solo devido a utilização de cultivos de primavera, sugerindo que o pousio de apenas 50 dias em sistema de rotação pode limitar os efeitos benéficos verificados em um sistema intensivo de cultivo.
The inadequate soil management may intensify the degradation of the structure, loosing of its productive capacity. For this reason, it is important to potentiate agricultural production and sustainable management by conservationist techniques. In this sense, two experiments are conducted with different crop rotations under direct seeding system (SSD) from 2003 and 2006 in Typic Rhodudalf and Rhodic Hapludox, respectively. Three annual crops are cultivated, where the autumn-winter plots are composed by triticale or sunflower in the Typic Rhodudalf and ruzigrass or grain sorghum in single systems and the consortium between both in the Rhodic Hapludox. As subplots are grown in spring season the pearl millet, sunn hemp, forage sorghum in both soils, having in the Typic Rhodudalf an additional treatment called fallow/chisel. The soybean was grown every year in the summer since the beginning of the experiments. The first chapter was analized the quantity and quality of the crop residue on the soil surface udner different crops, to determine the effects on CO2 flux, stocks of C and N in soil as well as the quality of the Organic Matter quantified by the physical and chemical fractionations. In the second chapter, the potential of C and N mineralization of soils, as well as the microbial biomass were discussed. Also, the aggregate stability of these soils was analyzed trying to find if the crop rotations affects the soil aggregation. It was observed that the crop rotations impacts the C and N contents and stocks, and the absence of spring crop limits these values. The quality of crop residues impacts in the humidified fractions of soil organic matter. The soil aggregation is favored by increasing of the C and N content in soil, due to the use of spring crops, suggesting that the bare soil (fallow) during only 50 days in the rotation system may limit the beneficial impacts observed in an intensive system of cultivation.
The inadequate soil management may intensify the degradation of the structure, loosing of its productive capacity. For this reason, it is important to potentiate agricultural production and sustainable management by conservationist techniques. In this sense, two experiments are conducted with different crop rotations under direct seeding system (SSD) from 2003 and 2006 in Typic Rhodudalf and Rhodic Hapludox, respectively. Three annual crops are cultivated, where the autumn-winter plots are composed by triticale or sunflower in the Typic Rhodudalf and ruzigrass or grain sorghum in single systems and the consortium between both in the Rhodic Hapludox. As subplots are grown in spring season the pearl millet, sunn hemp, forage sorghum in both soils, having in the Typic Rhodudalf an additional treatment called fallow/chisel. The soybean was grown every year in the summer since the beginning of the experiments. The first chapter was analized the quantity and quality of the crop residue on the soil surface udner different crops, to determine the effects on CO2 flux, stocks of C and N in soil as well as the quality of the Organic Matter quantified by the physical and chemical fractionations. In the second chapter, the potential of C and N mineralization of soils, as well as the microbial biomass were discussed. Also, the aggregate stability of these soils was analyzed trying to find if the crop rotations affects the soil aggregation. It was observed that the crop rotations impacts the C and N contents and stocks, and the absence of spring crop limits these values. The quality of crop residues impacts in the humidified fractions of soil organic matter. The soil aggregation is favored by increasing of the C and N content in soil, due to the use of spring crops, suggesting that the bare soil (fallow) during only 50 days in the rotation system may limit the beneficial impacts observed in an intensive system of cultivation.
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Palavras-chave
qualidade de resíduos culturais, matéria orgânica do solo, rotação de culturas