Produção de biodiesel por hidroesterificação de óleo de frango e óleo bruto de macaúba (Acrocomia aculeata)
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Data
2018-06-14
Autores
Calera, Gabrielle Cyntia
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O biodiesel é definido como uma mistura de ésteres alquílicos de ácidos graxos e é apontado como uma fonte alternativa aos combustíveis fósseis, por ser menos poluente e muitas vezes derivado de matérias-primas renováveis. O processo de hidroesterificação surge como uma alternativa processual aos meios reacionais comumente realizados, com a vantagem do uso de matérias-primas de baixa qualidade (alto índice de acidez e umidade) e sem necessidade de tratamento prévio ou refino do óleo. Sua reação é realizada em duas etapas: primeiro ocorre a hidrólise do óleo para obtenção do ácido graxo e glicerina e, em seguida, ocorre a esterificação do ácido graxo com produção de biodiesel e água. Considerando esses aspectos, este estudo teve como objetivo, avaliar a viabilidade da síntese de biodiesel oriundo de óleo de frango e óleo bruto de macaúba (Acrocomia aculeata) empregando planejamento fatorial 2^3 com ponto central na reação de hidrólise, onde as variavéis reacionais estudadas foram razão molar óleo:água, temperatura e tempo reacional, e em seguida, realizar a esterificação com catálise homogênea ácida dos ácidos graxos produzidos da hidrólise. A reação de hidrólise em meio não catalítico, sob condições subcríticas, apresentou rendimentos acima de 90 % m/m de ácidos graxos para as duas matérias-primas (óleo de frango e óleo bruto de macaúba). Nesta etapa as variáveis temperatura e tempo apresentaram efeitos significativos no processo reacional, ao nível de confiança de 95%. Por fim, os ácidos graxos foram convertidos em biodiesel metílicos e etílicos através da esterificação obtendo-se um teor de éster de 96,7 e 78,1% m/m nas rotas metílicas e etílicas oriundas do óleo de frango, respectivamente, e 98,2 e 92,2% m/m nas rotas metílicas e etílicas oriunda do óleo bruto de macaúba.
Biodiesel is defined as a mixture of alkyl esters of fatty acids. It is regarded as an alternative source to fossils because it is less polluting and is often derived from renewable raw materials. The hydroesterification process appears as a procedural alternative to the commonly performed reaction media, with it has the advantage of using low quality raw materials (high acidity and moisture) without oil refining. The step is carried out in two stages: first the hydrolysis of the oil takes place for the extraction of the fatty acid and glycerine, and then the esterification of the fatty acid with biodiesel and water production takes place. Considering these aspects, this study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of biodiesel synthesis from chicken oil and macaúba crude oil (Acrocomia aculeata). Using factorial design 23 with a central point in the hydrolysis reaction, where the studied reaction variables were molar ratio oil: water, temperature and reaction time, and then carry out esterification with homogeneous acid catalysis of the fatty acids produced from the hydrolysis. A reaction of hydrolysis in non-catalytic medium, under subcritical reaction, was found above 90 wt% of fatty acids for the raw materials (chicken oil and macaúba oil). First as temperature variables and response time at the beginning of the process, the confidence level of 95%. Finally, the fatty acids were converted to biodiesel by esterification to yield an ester content of 96.7 and 78.1% wt% on the methyl and ethyl routes up to chicken oil, respectively, and 98.2 and 92.2% wt% on methyl and ethyl routes from crude macauba oil.
Biodiesel is defined as a mixture of alkyl esters of fatty acids. It is regarded as an alternative source to fossils because it is less polluting and is often derived from renewable raw materials. The hydroesterification process appears as a procedural alternative to the commonly performed reaction media, with it has the advantage of using low quality raw materials (high acidity and moisture) without oil refining. The step is carried out in two stages: first the hydrolysis of the oil takes place for the extraction of the fatty acid and glycerine, and then the esterification of the fatty acid with biodiesel and water production takes place. Considering these aspects, this study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of biodiesel synthesis from chicken oil and macaúba crude oil (Acrocomia aculeata). Using factorial design 23 with a central point in the hydrolysis reaction, where the studied reaction variables were molar ratio oil: water, temperature and reaction time, and then carry out esterification with homogeneous acid catalysis of the fatty acids produced from the hydrolysis. A reaction of hydrolysis in non-catalytic medium, under subcritical reaction, was found above 90 wt% of fatty acids for the raw materials (chicken oil and macaúba oil). First as temperature variables and response time at the beginning of the process, the confidence level of 95%. Finally, the fatty acids were converted to biodiesel by esterification to yield an ester content of 96.7 and 78.1% wt% on the methyl and ethyl routes up to chicken oil, respectively, and 98.2 and 92.2% wt% on methyl and ethyl routes from crude macauba oil.
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Palavras-chave
Hidrólise, Esterificação, Planejamento fatorial, Óleos brutos, Óleos residuais