Efeitos de um treinamento adaptativo da memória operacional em crianças da rede pública de ensino da cidade de São Paulo.
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Data
2018-06-14
Autores
Piovezana, Ana Luiza Ribeiro Pereira Dias
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A memória operacional é a capacidade para reter e manipular informações por curtos períodos de tempo. Evidências apontam que quanto melhor a capacidade da memória operacional (CMO), melhor é o aprendizado escolar. Um programa de treino computadorizado adaptativo (TCA) foi desenvolvido para ajudar os alunos com dificuldades de aprendizagem, mas os benefícios não são consistentes em todas as pesquisas. Além disso, a maioria dos estudos realizou-se em países desenvolvidos nos quais recursos tecnológicos são regulares e presentes precocemente na vida das crianças. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos do treino computadorizado adaptativo para a estimulação da memória operacional num país em desenvolvimento. Participaram do estudo 49 crianças de 8 e 9 anos de idade, de ambos os sexos, matriculadas no 3º ano de escolas públicas da cidade de São Paulo identificadas com baixa capacidade de memória operacional (CMO), nível socieconômico correspondente à faixa C1. A amostra foi dividida em dois grupos: GTCA (grupo de treino computadorizado adaptativo, n=23) e GC (grupo controle; n=26). Todos os participantes foram avaliados em dois momentos nos seguintes constructos: raciocínio abstrato, desempenho escolar, memória operacional, cognição numérica, atenção e funções executivas, bem como por escalas referentes a ansiedade matemática e estresse infantil. Na comparação entre-sujeitos dos grupos (GTCA x GC) nos testes utilizados como medidas de transferência não foram observadas melhorias após a intervenção. Na comparação intra-sujeitos pode-se constatar que houve melhora quantitativa nas tarefas de todas as crianças que realizaram o treino, por meio dos índices gerados pelo programa do TCA. No entanto, apenas doze crianças conseguiram finalizar o treino e o realizaram de forma intensiva e sem interrupções. Falta de adesão e motivação das crianças pouco habituadas aos jogos computadorizados, bem como problemas de infraestrutura comprometeram a realização do treino regularmente. As crianças que concluíram o TCA apresentaram tanto transferência para medidas treinadas como para medidas não treinadas após o TCA o que sugere a eficácia do programa em crianças com baixa CMO, contudo, os ganhos não foram sustentados após o término da intervenção. É importante a possibilidade de novos estudos com a mesma intervenção por meio de protocolos menos rigorosos e mais adequados ao contexto de países em desenvolvimento.
Working memory is the ability to retain and manipulate information for short periods. Evidence point that the better the capacity of working memory the better is the learning ability. An adaptive computerized training program (ACT) was developed to help students with learning difficults, but the benefits are not consistent across the studies. In addition, most studies have been conducted in developed countries where technological resources are regular and present early in children’s lives. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of adaptative computer training in stimulation of working memory in a developing country. Participants were 49 children of 8 and 9 years of age, of both genders, enrolled 3rd year of public schools in the city of São Paulo identified with low working memory capacity (WMC), socioeconomic level corresponding to the C1 range. The sample was divided into two groups: GACT (adaptive computerized training group: n = 23) and CG (control group: n = 26). All participants were assessed at two moments in the following constructs: nonverbal reasoning, school performance, working memory, numerical cognition, attention and executive functions, as well as scales referring to mathematical anxiety and child stress. In the between subjects comparison, for the groups (GACT x GC) no improvements in transfer measures were observed after intervention. In the intra-subjects, comparison there was a quantitative improvement in the tasks of all the children who performed the training, through the indexes generated by the ACT program. However, only twelve children were able to complete the training and did it intensively and with out interruption. Lack of adherence and motivation of the children that were not used with computerized games, apart from infrastructure problems compromised training performance regularity. The children who completed the ACT presented both transfer effects for proximal measures and for distal measures after the ACT demonstrating the effectiveness of the program in children with low CWO, although the gains were not sustained after the intervention ended. Further studies should focus on the same intervention throughout less rigorous protocols that seems more adequate to developing countries.
Working memory is the ability to retain and manipulate information for short periods. Evidence point that the better the capacity of working memory the better is the learning ability. An adaptive computerized training program (ACT) was developed to help students with learning difficults, but the benefits are not consistent across the studies. In addition, most studies have been conducted in developed countries where technological resources are regular and present early in children’s lives. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of adaptative computer training in stimulation of working memory in a developing country. Participants were 49 children of 8 and 9 years of age, of both genders, enrolled 3rd year of public schools in the city of São Paulo identified with low working memory capacity (WMC), socioeconomic level corresponding to the C1 range. The sample was divided into two groups: GACT (adaptive computerized training group: n = 23) and CG (control group: n = 26). All participants were assessed at two moments in the following constructs: nonverbal reasoning, school performance, working memory, numerical cognition, attention and executive functions, as well as scales referring to mathematical anxiety and child stress. In the between subjects comparison, for the groups (GACT x GC) no improvements in transfer measures were observed after intervention. In the intra-subjects, comparison there was a quantitative improvement in the tasks of all the children who performed the training, through the indexes generated by the ACT program. However, only twelve children were able to complete the training and did it intensively and with out interruption. Lack of adherence and motivation of the children that were not used with computerized games, apart from infrastructure problems compromised training performance regularity. The children who completed the ACT presented both transfer effects for proximal measures and for distal measures after the ACT demonstrating the effectiveness of the program in children with low CWO, although the gains were not sustained after the intervention ended. Further studies should focus on the same intervention throughout less rigorous protocols that seems more adequate to developing countries.
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Palavras-chave
Memória operacional, Desempenho acadêmico, Cognição numérica, Crianças, Working memory, Academic achievement, Numeral cognition, Children