Controle de qualidade de parasitoides multiplicados em Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
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Data
2018-08-03
Autores
Paes, João Paulo Pereira
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O sucesso na utilização de parasitoides no campo está diretamente relacionado à capacidade de busca do hospedeiro, que pode ser afetada por alterações nas características biológicas, morfológicas, comportamentais ou pela presença de patógenos dos insetos. Por isso, objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade dos parasitoides Cotesia flavipes Cameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Trichospilus diatraeae (Cherian & Margabandhu) e Palmistichus elaeisis (Delvare & LaSalle) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) multiplicados em Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Para isso, foram realizadas avaliações das características biológicas, morfológicas, comportamento de voo e identificação molecular de microsporídios em populações de C. flavipes obtidas em seis biofábricas do Estado de São Paulo (A, B, C, D, E e F) e de quatro biofábricas do Brasil (São Paulo, Paraná, Minas Gerais e Alagoas). Nos parasitoides T. diatraeae e P. elaeisis foi realizada a identificação molecular de microsporídios. As populações (A, B, C, D, E e F) diferiram nos parâmetros avaliados. As populações A, C, E e F apresentaram predominância de parasitoides fêmeas com razão sexual acima de 0,65, enquanto que as populações B e D apresentaram alta frequência de machos, média de 0,34. A população E destacou-se com tempo de sobrevivência mediana de 150 horas, no entanto, as fêmeas das populações B e C tiveram a menor sobrevivência, com tempo médio de 49 e 26 horas, respectivamente. Nos testes de voo houve predominância de parasitoides caminhadores em todas as populações, porém, a população D apresentou 37% de insetos voadores, diferindo das demais. Os parasitoides oriundos de biofábricas instaladas nos Estados de São Paulo, Paraná, Minas Gerais e Alagoas apresentaram características biológicas e morfológicas consideradas apropriadas para o agente de controle biológico. Houve a predominância de parasitoides caminhadores em todas populações. Por meio de análise de PCR foi detectado parasitas intracelulares relacionados ao Filo Microsporidia em todas populações de C. flavipes e nos parasitoides de pupa T. diatraeae e P. elaeisis. Os isolados obtidos dos parasitoides estão estreitamente relacionados com espécies de parasitas do clado Nosema sp./Vairimorpha sp., com base na análise filogenética foi considerado que os parasitas presentes em C. flavipes pertencem ao mesmo grupo taxonômico e possuem uma baixa diversidade genética. Assim, existe a necessidade de investigações detalhadas do impacto desses parasitas nas populações de parasitoides multiplicados massalmente em D. saccharalis e o aprimoramento do controle de qualidade em criações massais do hospedeiro e dos parasitoides.
The success in the use of parasitoids in the field is directly related to the capacity of search of the host, which can be affected by changes in the biological, morphological, behavioral characteristics or by the presence of insect pathogens. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the quality of parasitoids Cotesia flavipes Cameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Trichospilus diatraeae (Cherian & Margabandhu) and Palmistichus elaeisis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) multiplied in Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). For this, evaluations of the biological parameters, morphological, flight behavior and molecular identification of microsporids in populations of C. flavipes obtained from six biofactories of the State of São Paulo (A, B, C, D, E and F) and four biofactories in Brazil (São Paulo, Paraná, Minas Gerais and Alagoas). In the T. diatraeae and P. elaeisis parasitoids, molecular identification of microsporidium was performed. The populations (A, B, C, D, E and F) differed in the parameters evaluated. Populations A, C, E and F had a predominance of female parasitoids with sex ratio above 0.65, while populations B and D presented a high frequency of males, mean of 0.34. Population E stood out with a median survival time of 150 hours, however, the females of populations B and C had the lowest survival, with an average time of 49 and 26 hours, respectively. In the flight tests, there was a predominance of parasitoid walkers in all populations, however, population D presented 37% of flying insects, differing from the others. The parasitoids from biofactories installed in the States of São Paulo, Paraná, Minas Gerais and Alagoas presented biological and morphological characteristics considered appropriate for the biological control agent. There was a predominance of parasitoid walkers in all populations. PCR analysis revealed intracellular parasites related to Filo Microsporidia in all populations of C. flavipes and pupae parasitoides T. diatraeae and P. elaeisis. The isolates obtained from the parasitoids are closely related to the parasite species of the clade Nosema sp./Vairimorpha sp., based on the phylogenetic analysis it is suggested that the parasites present in C. flavipes belong to the same taxonomic group and have a low genetic diversity. Thus, there is a need for detailed investigations of the impact of these parasites on populations of parasitoids massively multiplied in D. saccharalis and the improvement of quality control in host and parasitoid mass creations.
The success in the use of parasitoids in the field is directly related to the capacity of search of the host, which can be affected by changes in the biological, morphological, behavioral characteristics or by the presence of insect pathogens. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the quality of parasitoids Cotesia flavipes Cameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Trichospilus diatraeae (Cherian & Margabandhu) and Palmistichus elaeisis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) multiplied in Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). For this, evaluations of the biological parameters, morphological, flight behavior and molecular identification of microsporids in populations of C. flavipes obtained from six biofactories of the State of São Paulo (A, B, C, D, E and F) and four biofactories in Brazil (São Paulo, Paraná, Minas Gerais and Alagoas). In the T. diatraeae and P. elaeisis parasitoids, molecular identification of microsporidium was performed. The populations (A, B, C, D, E and F) differed in the parameters evaluated. Populations A, C, E and F had a predominance of female parasitoids with sex ratio above 0.65, while populations B and D presented a high frequency of males, mean of 0.34. Population E stood out with a median survival time of 150 hours, however, the females of populations B and C had the lowest survival, with an average time of 49 and 26 hours, respectively. In the flight tests, there was a predominance of parasitoid walkers in all populations, however, population D presented 37% of flying insects, differing from the others. The parasitoids from biofactories installed in the States of São Paulo, Paraná, Minas Gerais and Alagoas presented biological and morphological characteristics considered appropriate for the biological control agent. There was a predominance of parasitoid walkers in all populations. PCR analysis revealed intracellular parasites related to Filo Microsporidia in all populations of C. flavipes and pupae parasitoides T. diatraeae and P. elaeisis. The isolates obtained from the parasitoids are closely related to the parasite species of the clade Nosema sp./Vairimorpha sp., based on the phylogenetic analysis it is suggested that the parasites present in C. flavipes belong to the same taxonomic group and have a low genetic diversity. Thus, there is a need for detailed investigations of the impact of these parasites on populations of parasitoids massively multiplied in D. saccharalis and the improvement of quality control in host and parasitoid mass creations.
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Palavras-chave
Parasitoide larval. Parasitoide de pupa. Controle biológico. PCR. Microsporídio., Parasitoid larval. Pupal parasitoid. Biological control. PCR. Microsporidium.