Influência do tratamento térmico superficial realizado com laser Nd:YAG pulsado no ganho de propriedades mecânicas superficiais no aço ferramenta VP 100
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2018-08-03
Autores
Crespo, Gillian da Silva
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Dentre os diversos aços ferramenta disponíveis atualmente, encontra-se o aço VP 100, aço ferramenta de estrutura bainítica empregado no setor de fabricação de moldes e matrizes. A literatura traz diversos estudos acerca desse aço frente à processos de usinagem. Entretanto, poucos estudos tratam do comportamento desse aço frente a utilização, direta ou indireta, de processos de soldagem. Desse modo, esse trabalho analisou a influência na estrutura e, nas propriedades mecânicas (dureza e taxa de desgaste) superficiais, do aço VP 100 quando submetido a um processo de tratamento térmico superficial. O processo de tratamento térmico superficial foi realizado através da execução de sucessivos cordões de solda, autógenos, na superfície do material, por meio de um sistema de laser de estado sólido Nd:YAG na condição pulsado. O aço VP 100 foi inicialmente investigado quanto a presença de isotropia em sua estrutura, visando excluir a direção adotada para tratamento térmico como fator influenciador nos resultados. Com uma estrutura visualmente semelhante em todas as direções e, com valores de dureza médios muito próximos entre direções, a direção adotada foi excluída como fator de influência no processo. Em seguida, realizou-se cordões de solda, autógenos, em seis condições distintas (SG, AR, N, N1, N2 e N3), analisados posteriormente através de ensaios de microdureza Vickers, para determinação da melhor condição para execução do tratamento térmico. As condições N1, N2 e N3 (todas com utilização de gás nitrogênio), apresentaram os melhores resultados de dureza (superficialmente e na faixa de profundidade de 0,30 mm), sendo escolhidas para a execução do tratamento térmico. Os corpos de prova tratados termicamente foram analisados através de difratogramas de raios-x e réplica por extração de carbono. Em nenhuma das duas análises houve a detecção da formação de nitretos no metal pós-tratamento. Ainda acerca dos difratogramas de raios-x, os dados obtidos mostraram a mudança da estrutura do material, de bainítica para martensítica, e a redução do tamanho dos cristalitos nas três condições. Os ensaios de taxa de desgaste mostraram melhores resultados para as condições de maior dureza, com melhores resultados na condição N3. Por fim, a condição N3 foi estipulada como a melhor condição, dentre as analisadas, para realização de tratamento térmico superficial no aço VP 100, apresentando além de uma elevação na dureza, uma baixa taxa de desgaste, fatores atribuídos à formação de uma estrutura martensítica, redução do tamanho dos cristalitos e intersticialização de nitrogênio no metal pós-tratamento térmico.
Among the steels currently available, is steel VP 100, a tool steel used in the mold and matrix manufacturing sector. There are many research on the machining process forward in this steel. However, few studies deal with work from this steel versus a direct or indirect use of welding processes. In this way, this work analyzed the influence on the structure and, under the mechanical conditions (hardness and wear rate), of the VP 100 steel when subjected to a superficial thermal treatment process. The surface heat treatment process was performed through the execution of successive weld beads, autogenous, on the surface of the material by means of a Nd: YAG solid state laser system in pulsed condition. The VP 100 steel was first investigated for the presence of isotropy in its structure, aiming the analysis if the direction took adopted for the heat treatment as an influencing factor in the results. With a visually similar structure in all directions and, with the average hardness values very close between the directions, the adopted direction was excluded as a factor of influence in the process. In the next step, weld beads, autogenous, were produced in six different condition (SG, AR, N1, N2 and N3), posterior analyzed by means of Vickers microhardness tests to determine the best condition for heat treatment. The N1, N2 and N3 conditions (all using nitrogen gas) presented the best hardness results (superficially and in the depth range of 0.30 mm), being chosen for the execution of the thermal treatment. The thermally treated specimens were analyzed by x-ray diffraction and replication by carbon extraction. In none of the two analyzes was the detection of nitride formation in the metal after treatment. Still about the x-ray diffractograms, the data obtained showed the change in the structure of the material, from bainitic to martensitic, and the reduction of the size of the crystallites in the three conditions. The wear rate tests showed better results for the best hardness conditions, with better results in the N3 condition. Finally, the condition N3 was stipulated as the best parameters, among the analyzed ones, for the accomplishment of superficial thermal treatment in the steel VP 100, presenting a rise in the hardness besides a low rate of wear, factors attributed to the formation of a martensitic structure, crystallite size reduction and nitrogen interstitialization in the post-heat treatment metal.
Among the steels currently available, is steel VP 100, a tool steel used in the mold and matrix manufacturing sector. There are many research on the machining process forward in this steel. However, few studies deal with work from this steel versus a direct or indirect use of welding processes. In this way, this work analyzed the influence on the structure and, under the mechanical conditions (hardness and wear rate), of the VP 100 steel when subjected to a superficial thermal treatment process. The surface heat treatment process was performed through the execution of successive weld beads, autogenous, on the surface of the material by means of a Nd: YAG solid state laser system in pulsed condition. The VP 100 steel was first investigated for the presence of isotropy in its structure, aiming the analysis if the direction took adopted for the heat treatment as an influencing factor in the results. With a visually similar structure in all directions and, with the average hardness values very close between the directions, the adopted direction was excluded as a factor of influence in the process. In the next step, weld beads, autogenous, were produced in six different condition (SG, AR, N1, N2 and N3), posterior analyzed by means of Vickers microhardness tests to determine the best condition for heat treatment. The N1, N2 and N3 conditions (all using nitrogen gas) presented the best hardness results (superficially and in the depth range of 0.30 mm), being chosen for the execution of the thermal treatment. The thermally treated specimens were analyzed by x-ray diffraction and replication by carbon extraction. In none of the two analyzes was the detection of nitride formation in the metal after treatment. Still about the x-ray diffractograms, the data obtained showed the change in the structure of the material, from bainitic to martensitic, and the reduction of the size of the crystallites in the three conditions. The wear rate tests showed better results for the best hardness conditions, with better results in the N3 condition. Finally, the condition N3 was stipulated as the best parameters, among the analyzed ones, for the accomplishment of superficial thermal treatment in the steel VP 100, presenting a rise in the hardness besides a low rate of wear, factors attributed to the formation of a martensitic structure, crystallite size reduction and nitrogen interstitialization in the post-heat treatment metal.
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Palavras-chave
Têmpera, Dureza, Réplica, Desgaste, Nitrogênio, Tempering, Toughness, Replica, Wear, Nitrogen