Relação ideal dos aminoácidos essenciais para poedeiras em crescimento e produção
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Data
2018-08-08
Autores
Soares, Letícia [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O tradicional método dose-resposta usado para determinar a relação ideal dos aminoácidos essenciais (IAAR) se baseia na resposta da ave ao aumento gradativo da concentração do aminoácido teste nas dietas, tem sido considerado muito oneroso, uma vez que é necessário um ensaio para cada aminoácido avaliado. Por outro lado, pelo método da deleção é necessário apenas um ensaio para determinar IAAR, sendo assim mais rápido e prático. Dessa forma, o objetivo desta tese foi determinar a relação ideal dos aminoácidos essenciais para frangas e galinhas poedeiras utilizando o método da deleção. O primeiro estudo teve como objetivo determinar a exigência de nitrogênio para mantença (NMR) e o máximo potencial de retenção de nitrogênio (NRmaxT) para frangas em crescimento. Três ensaios de balanço de nitrogênio foram conduzidos utilizando 56 frangas Hy-line W-36 em cada ensaio (inicial: 14 a 28, cria: 56 a 70 e recria: 98 a 112 dias). Os tratamentos consistiram em seis níveis graduais de nitrogênio nas dietas (N1=8; N2=16; N3=24; N4=32; N5=40 e N6=48 g N /kg de ração), formuladas utilizando a técnica da diluição. As análises de regressão entre nitrogênio ingerido e excretado foram realizadas para ajustar a função exponencial e determinar o NMR, que foi estimado em 294, 331 e 355 mg/PCkg0,67 para as fases inicial, cria e recria, respectivamente. Os valores determinados para NMR foram aplicados para o cálculo do NRmaxT como o valor limiar da função entre o nitrogênio ingerido e o retido. O NRmaxT foi estimado pelo algoritmo de Levenberg-Marquardt até que a soma dos quadrados dos resíduos fosse mínima. Os valores estimados de NRmaxT foram 3200, 2633 e 1826 mg/PCkg0,67 para as fases inicial, cria e recria, respectivamente. A determinação desses parâmetros foram uma condição prévia para determinar as exigências dos aminoácidos com base em um modelo exponencial da utilização de nitrogênio dependente do desempenho e eficiência de utilização dos aminoácidos na dieta, desenvolvidos no estudo subsequente. No segundo estudo, objetivou-se aplicar os dados de eficiência e exigências dos aminoácidos obtidos a partir de ensaios de balanço de nitrogênio para os aminoácidos essenciais e determinar a relação ideal entre eles para frangas em crescimento. Três ensaios de balanço de nitrogênio foram conduzidos utilizando 96 frangas Hy-line W-36 em cada ensaio (inicial: 14 a 28, cria: 56 a 70 e recria: 98 a 112 dias), distribuídas em doze tratamentos com oito repetições de uma ave cada. Uma dieta balanceada (DB) foi formulada para atender a IAAR e as exigências dos demais nutrientes. As dietas limitantes foram formuladas diluindo a DB com amido de milho para atender 70% da exigência dos aminoácidos e novamente suplementadas com aminoácidos industriais e outros ingredientes para atingir os mesmos níveis da DB, exceto para o aminoácido a ser avaliado que permaneceu deficiente em 30%. Em cada ensaio, foram obtidos os dados de ingestão, excreção, deposição e retenção de nitrogênio. Os valores de b foram estimados por b=(ln(NRmaxT)-ln(NRmaxT-NR))/(NI)). Além disso, os dados também foram utilizados para calcular as exigências pela equação: Exig.=(EAA)BDx(2-DEL-(NDEAA/NDBD)). Os valores de bc-1 foram obtidos dividindo b pela concentração de aminoácidos na dieta. A IAAR pelo método de Goettingen foi obtida dividindo bc-1 da lisina pelo valor de bc-1 de cada aminoácido em estudo. A relação entre a exigências dos aminoácidos testados com a exigência da lisina determina a IAAR pelo método de Louvain. A IAAR determinada pelo método de Goettingen foi Lys 100; Met+Cis 86, 88, 81; Trp 17, 22, 22; Thr 77, 67, 68; Arg 103, 111, 109; Val 75, 80, 84; Ile 64, 67, 75; Leu 101, 121, 124; Phe+Tir 112, 126, 130; Gly+Ser 81, 130, 112; His 35, 35, 36% de 14 a 28, 56 a 70 e 98 a 112 dias, respectivamente. A IAAR determinada pelo método de Louvain foi Lys 100, Met+Cys 73, 80, 67; Trp 18, 20, 22; Thr 67, 68, 69; Arg 108, 108, 108; Val 77, 80, 84; Ile 70, 75, 77; Leu 113, 117, 129; Phe+Tir 121, 125, 131; Gly+Ser 78, 133, 124; His 37, 38, 39% de 14 a 28, 56 a 70 e 98 a 112 dias, respectivamente. O terceiro estudo teve como objetivo determinar a exigência de nitrogênio para mantença (NMR), o máximo potencial de retenção de nitrogênio (NRmaxT) e a relação ideal dos aminoácidos essenciais para galinhas em produção. Um ensaio de balanço de nitrogênio foi conduzido utilizando 56 galinhas Hy-line W-36 no período de 28 a 30 semanas. Os tratamentos consistiram em seis níveis graduais de nitrogênio nas dietas (L1=8; L2=16; L3=24; L4=32; L5=40 e L6=48 g N /kg de ração), formuladas utilizando a técnica da diluição. As análises de regressão entre nitrogênio ingerido e excretado foram realizadas para ajustar a função exponencial e determinar o NMR= 292 mg/PCkg0,67, que foram aplicados para o cálculo do NRmaxT= 1883 mg/PCkg0,67 como o valor limiar da função entre o nitrogênio ingerido e o retido. Um segundo ensaio de balanço de nitrogênio foi conduzido utilizando 96 galinhas Hy-line W-36 no mesmo período do ensaio anterior, distribuídas em doze tratamentos com oito repetições de uma ave cada. Uma dieta balanceada (DB) foi formulada para atender a IAAR e as exigências dos demais nutrientes. As dietas limitantes foram formuladas diluindo a DB com amido de milho para atender 45% da exigência dos aminoácidos e novamente suplementadas com aminoácidos industriais e outros ingredientes para atingir os mesmos níveis da DB, exceto para o aminoácido a ser avaliado que permaneceu deficiente em 55%. Foram obtidos os dados de ingestão, excreção, deposição e retenção de nitrogênio. Os valores de b foram estimados por b=(ln(NRmaxT)-ln(NRmaxT-NR))/(NI)). Além disso, os dados também foram utilizados para calcular as exigências pela equação: Exig.=(EAA)BDx(2-DEL-(NDEAA/NDBD)). Os valores de bc-1 foram obtidos dividindo b pela concentração de aminoácidos na dieta. A IAAR pelo método de Goettingen foi obtida dividindo bc-1 da lisina pelo valor de bc-1 de cada aminoácido em estudo. A relação entre a exigências dos aminoácidos testados com a exigência da lisina determina a IAAR pelo método de Louvain. A IAAR determinada pelo método de Goettingen foi Lys 100; Met+Cis 88, Trp 21, Thr 69, Arg 109, Val 90, Ile 75, Leu 127, Phe+Tir 110, Gly+Ser 73 e His 29%. A IAAR determinada pelo método de Louvain foi Lys 100, Met+Cys 88, Trp 21, Thr 69, Arg 104, Val 91, Ile 78, Leu 121, Phe+Tir 119, Gly+Ser 77 e His 29%.
The traditional dose-response method used to determine the ideal essential amino acid ratio (IAAR) is based on the response of the bird to the gradual increase of the test amino acid concentration in the diets, since it is considered very costly, since a test is required for each amino acid. On the other hand, by the deletion method, only one assay is required to determine IAAR, so it is faster and practical. Thus, the aim of this thesis was to determine the ideal amino acids ratio for pullets and laying hens using the deletion method. The first study was conducted to estimate daily N maintenance requirements (NMR) and the genetic potential for daily N retention (NRmaxT) of pullets in growth phase. Three nitrogen balance trials were conducted, a total of 56 Hy-line W-36 pullets were used in each trial in age periods (starter: 14 to 28, grower: 56 to 70 and developer: 98 to 112 days). The treatments consisted of six graded levels of nitrogen in the diets (L1=8; L2=16; L3=24; L4=32; L5=40 and L6=48 g N /kg of feed), formulated using the dilution technique. The regression analyses between nitrogen intake and nitrogen excretion were performed to fit the exponential function and to determine the NMR. It was estimated the daily NMR as 294, 331 and 355 mg/BWkg0.67 for the initial, grower and developer periods, respectively, were applied for further calculation of NRmaxT as the threshold value of the function between N intake and daily N balance. The NRmaxT was estimated by a statistical procedure following several iteration steps by the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm until the sum of the squares of the residual was minimized. The NRmaxT was estimated in 3200, 2633, and 1826 mg/BWkg0.67 for starter, grower, and developer periods, respectively. The determined model parameters were the precondition for modeling of the amino acid requirement based on an exponential N-utilization model and depended on performance and dietary amino acid efficiency. This procedure will be further developed and applied in the subsequent study. In the second study, the aim was to apply the efficiency data and amino acid requirements obtained from nitrogen balance assays for the essential amino acids and to determine the ideal ratio between them for growing pullets. Three nitrogen balance trials were conducted, a total of 96 Hy-line W-36 pullets were used in each trial (starter: 14 to 28, grower: 56 to 70 and developer: 98 to 112 days). Twelve treatments with eight replicates and one bird per cage were used. A balanced diet (BD) was formulated to meet the IAAR and the requirement of other nutrients for pullets. To formulate the deficient diets, the BD was diluted with corn starch to reduce 30% of the dietary amino acid content. The diets were again supplemented with vitamin, mineral, fiber, energy, and industrial amino acids sources to achieve the same levels of the BD, except for the amino acid to be evaluated in the treatment, which remain reduced in 30%. In each trial, the data of nitrogen intake, excretion, deposition and retention were obtained in a balance trial. The b values were estimated by b=(ln(NRmaxT)-ln(NRmaxT-NR))/(NI)). Also, these data were used to calculate the requirements by the equation: Requirement=(EAA)BDx(2-DEL-(NDEAA/NDBD)). The bc-1 values were obtained dividing b by the dietary AA concentration. The IAAR by Goettingen approach was obtained by dividing the bc-1 from lysine by the bc-1 value from each other AA in each trial. The relation between the AA requirements with Lys requirements provided de IAAR by Louvain approach. The IAAR determined by Goettingen approach were Lys 100; Met+Cis 86, 88, 81; Trp 17, 22, 22; Thr 77, 67, 68; Arg 103, 111, 109; Val 75, 80, 84; Ile 64, 67, 75; Leu 101, 121, 124; Phe+Tir 112, 126, 130; Gly+Ser 81, 130, 112; His 35, 35, 36% from14 to 28 days, 56 to 70 days and 98 to 112 days, respectively. The IAAR determined by Louvain approach were Lys 100, Met+Cys 73, 80, 67; Trp 18, 20, 22; Thr 67, 68, 69; Arg 108, 108, 108; Val 77, 80, 84; Ile 70, 75, 77; Leu 113, 117, 129; Phe+Tir 121, 125, 131; Gly+Ser 78, 133, 124; His 37, 38, 39% from 14 to 28 days, 56 to 70 days and 98 to 112 days, respectively. The third study aimed to determine daily N maintenance requirements (NMR), the genetic potential for daily N retention (NRmaxT) and ideal amino acids ratio for laying hens. One nitrogen balance trial was conducted, a total of 56 Hy-line W-36 laying hens from 28 to 30 weeks. The treatments consisted of six graded levels of nitrogen in the diets (N1=8; N2=16; N3=24; N4=32; N5=40 and N6=48 g N /kg of feed), formulated using the dilution technique. The regression analyses between nitrogen intake and nitrogen excretion were performed to fit the exponential function and to determine the NMR= 292 mg/BWkg0.67 that was applied for further calculation of NRmaxT=1883 mg/BWkg0.67. A second nitrogen balance trial was conducted, a total of 96 Hy-line W-36 laying hens were used in the same period. Twelve treatments with eight replicates and one bird per cage were used. A balanced diet (BD) was formulated to meet the IAAR and the requirement of other nutrients for pullets. To formulate the deficient diets, the BD was diluted with corn starch to meet 45% of the amino acid requirement. The diets were again supplemented with vitamin, mineral, fiber, energy, and industrial amino acids sources to achieve the same levels of the BD, except for the amino acid to be evaluated in the treatment, which remain reduced in 55%. In each trial, the data of nitrogen intake, excretion, deposition, and retention were obtained in a balance trial. The b values were estimated by b=(ln(NRmaxT)-ln(NRmaxT-NR))/(NI)). Also, these data were used to calculate the requirements by the equation: Requirement=(EAA)BDx(2-DEL-(NDEAA/NDBD)). The bc-1 values were obtained dividing b by the dietary AA concentration. The IAAR by Goettingen approach was obtained by dividing the bc-1 from lysine by the bc-1 value from each other AA in each trial. The relation between the AA requirements with Lys requirements provided de IAAR by Louvain approach. The IAAR determined by Goettingen approach were Lys 100; Met+Cis 88, Trp 21, Thr 69, Arg 109, Val 90, Ile 75, Leu 127, Phe+Tir 110, Gly+Ser 73 e His 29%. A IAAR determinada pelo método de Louvain foi Lys 100, Met+Cys 88, Trp 21, Thr 69, Arg 104, Val 91, Ile 78, Leu 121, Phe+Tir 119, Gly+Ser 77 e His 29%.
The traditional dose-response method used to determine the ideal essential amino acid ratio (IAAR) is based on the response of the bird to the gradual increase of the test amino acid concentration in the diets, since it is considered very costly, since a test is required for each amino acid. On the other hand, by the deletion method, only one assay is required to determine IAAR, so it is faster and practical. Thus, the aim of this thesis was to determine the ideal amino acids ratio for pullets and laying hens using the deletion method. The first study was conducted to estimate daily N maintenance requirements (NMR) and the genetic potential for daily N retention (NRmaxT) of pullets in growth phase. Three nitrogen balance trials were conducted, a total of 56 Hy-line W-36 pullets were used in each trial in age periods (starter: 14 to 28, grower: 56 to 70 and developer: 98 to 112 days). The treatments consisted of six graded levels of nitrogen in the diets (L1=8; L2=16; L3=24; L4=32; L5=40 and L6=48 g N /kg of feed), formulated using the dilution technique. The regression analyses between nitrogen intake and nitrogen excretion were performed to fit the exponential function and to determine the NMR. It was estimated the daily NMR as 294, 331 and 355 mg/BWkg0.67 for the initial, grower and developer periods, respectively, were applied for further calculation of NRmaxT as the threshold value of the function between N intake and daily N balance. The NRmaxT was estimated by a statistical procedure following several iteration steps by the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm until the sum of the squares of the residual was minimized. The NRmaxT was estimated in 3200, 2633, and 1826 mg/BWkg0.67 for starter, grower, and developer periods, respectively. The determined model parameters were the precondition for modeling of the amino acid requirement based on an exponential N-utilization model and depended on performance and dietary amino acid efficiency. This procedure will be further developed and applied in the subsequent study. In the second study, the aim was to apply the efficiency data and amino acid requirements obtained from nitrogen balance assays for the essential amino acids and to determine the ideal ratio between them for growing pullets. Three nitrogen balance trials were conducted, a total of 96 Hy-line W-36 pullets were used in each trial (starter: 14 to 28, grower: 56 to 70 and developer: 98 to 112 days). Twelve treatments with eight replicates and one bird per cage were used. A balanced diet (BD) was formulated to meet the IAAR and the requirement of other nutrients for pullets. To formulate the deficient diets, the BD was diluted with corn starch to reduce 30% of the dietary amino acid content. The diets were again supplemented with vitamin, mineral, fiber, energy, and industrial amino acids sources to achieve the same levels of the BD, except for the amino acid to be evaluated in the treatment, which remain reduced in 30%. In each trial, the data of nitrogen intake, excretion, deposition and retention were obtained in a balance trial. The b values were estimated by b=(ln(NRmaxT)-ln(NRmaxT-NR))/(NI)). Also, these data were used to calculate the requirements by the equation: Requirement=(EAA)BDx(2-DEL-(NDEAA/NDBD)). The bc-1 values were obtained dividing b by the dietary AA concentration. The IAAR by Goettingen approach was obtained by dividing the bc-1 from lysine by the bc-1 value from each other AA in each trial. The relation between the AA requirements with Lys requirements provided de IAAR by Louvain approach. The IAAR determined by Goettingen approach were Lys 100; Met+Cis 86, 88, 81; Trp 17, 22, 22; Thr 77, 67, 68; Arg 103, 111, 109; Val 75, 80, 84; Ile 64, 67, 75; Leu 101, 121, 124; Phe+Tir 112, 126, 130; Gly+Ser 81, 130, 112; His 35, 35, 36% from14 to 28 days, 56 to 70 days and 98 to 112 days, respectively. The IAAR determined by Louvain approach were Lys 100, Met+Cys 73, 80, 67; Trp 18, 20, 22; Thr 67, 68, 69; Arg 108, 108, 108; Val 77, 80, 84; Ile 70, 75, 77; Leu 113, 117, 129; Phe+Tir 121, 125, 131; Gly+Ser 78, 133, 124; His 37, 38, 39% from 14 to 28 days, 56 to 70 days and 98 to 112 days, respectively. The third study aimed to determine daily N maintenance requirements (NMR), the genetic potential for daily N retention (NRmaxT) and ideal amino acids ratio for laying hens. One nitrogen balance trial was conducted, a total of 56 Hy-line W-36 laying hens from 28 to 30 weeks. The treatments consisted of six graded levels of nitrogen in the diets (N1=8; N2=16; N3=24; N4=32; N5=40 and N6=48 g N /kg of feed), formulated using the dilution technique. The regression analyses between nitrogen intake and nitrogen excretion were performed to fit the exponential function and to determine the NMR= 292 mg/BWkg0.67 that was applied for further calculation of NRmaxT=1883 mg/BWkg0.67. A second nitrogen balance trial was conducted, a total of 96 Hy-line W-36 laying hens were used in the same period. Twelve treatments with eight replicates and one bird per cage were used. A balanced diet (BD) was formulated to meet the IAAR and the requirement of other nutrients for pullets. To formulate the deficient diets, the BD was diluted with corn starch to meet 45% of the amino acid requirement. The diets were again supplemented with vitamin, mineral, fiber, energy, and industrial amino acids sources to achieve the same levels of the BD, except for the amino acid to be evaluated in the treatment, which remain reduced in 55%. In each trial, the data of nitrogen intake, excretion, deposition, and retention were obtained in a balance trial. The b values were estimated by b=(ln(NRmaxT)-ln(NRmaxT-NR))/(NI)). Also, these data were used to calculate the requirements by the equation: Requirement=(EAA)BDx(2-DEL-(NDEAA/NDBD)). The bc-1 values were obtained dividing b by the dietary AA concentration. The IAAR by Goettingen approach was obtained by dividing the bc-1 from lysine by the bc-1 value from each other AA in each trial. The relation between the AA requirements with Lys requirements provided de IAAR by Louvain approach. The IAAR determined by Goettingen approach were Lys 100; Met+Cis 88, Trp 21, Thr 69, Arg 109, Val 90, Ile 75, Leu 127, Phe+Tir 110, Gly+Ser 73 e His 29%. A IAAR determinada pelo método de Louvain foi Lys 100, Met+Cys 88, Trp 21, Thr 69, Arg 104, Val 91, Ile 78, Leu 121, Phe+Tir 119, Gly+Ser 77 e His 29%.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Aminoácidos, Balanço de Nitrogênio, Método da Deleção