Resolução de Problemas como metodologia de ensino: compreensão relatada de professores de Matemática
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Data
2018-09-06
Autores
Rodrigues, Érika Aparecida Navarro
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Este estudo, vinculado à linha de pesquisa “Práticas e Processos Formativos em Educação” do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação da FCT/UNESP, relata os resultados de uma pesquisa que tem por objetivo analisar a compreensão que professores de Matemática têm da Resolução de Problemas como metodologia de ensino, como eles têm tomado conhecimento desta proposta metodológica e se há relação entre o entendimento sobre Resolução de Problemas e a prática pedagógica declarada pelo docente. A pesquisa, de abordagem qualitativa e natureza exploratória, utilizou como instrumentos de coleta de dados um questionário e análise documental. O questionário era composto por questões abertas e fechadas que formavam categorias de análise respectivamente à Formação Docente e a Resolução de Problemas, ao Entendimento do Professor de Matemática sobre Resolução de Problemas e à relação entre o entendimento docente sobre Resolução de Problemas e a prática pedagógica. Responderam ao questionário 31 professores com aulas atribuídas de Matemática no ano de 2017, no Ensino Fundamental II e/ou Ensino Médio, das 26 escolas no munícipio de Presidente Prudente, sendo um professor por escola, com algumas escolas tendo mais de um professor respondente. Para a análise dos dados utilizou-se a técnica de análise de conteúdo para as questões abertas do questionário e para a análise das questões fechadas foram consideradas as frequências de respostas. A análise documental foi realizada nos documentos prescritos que orientam o trabalho docente em níveis federal e estadual, neste caso, dos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais e do Currículo Oficial do Estado de São Paulo e materiais didáticos de apoio ao Currículo (Caderno do Professor e Caderno do Aluno), que são utilizados por professores participantes da pesquisa. A partir desta análise foi possível concluir que nos materiais a Resolução de Problemas é reconhecida, encontrando-se, portanto, declarada como uma metodologia de ensino que favorece a aprendizagem e o desenvolvimento de conteúdos e habilidades matemáticas, embora os próprios documentos curriculares admitam a necessidade de uma política educacional que aluda e oriente a formação continuada do professor. Os dados e suas respectivas análises, permitem constatar que os professores compreendem a Resolução de Problemas como metodologia de ensino, quer dizer, considerando que os problemas são propostos na intenção de desenvolver novos conceitos matemáticos, incentivando aos alunos o desafio da investigação, possibilitando assim, a construção de conhecimentos matemáticos durante a resolução de um problema. Contudo, descrições docentes da prática pedagógica, com a Resolução de Problemas como metodologia de ensino de um conceito matemático, evidenciando que conteúdos matemáticos são formalizados previamente e os problemas são utilizados para finalizar o assunto estudado, levam a afirmar que existem defasagens de coordenação entre entendimentos docentes sobre a Resolução de Problemas e suas práticas pedagógicas.
This study, bound to the research line of “Practices and Formative Processes in Education” of the Post-Graduation Program in Education of FCT/UNESP, reports the results of a research which aims analyzing the comprehension that Mathematics teachers have about the Problem Solving as a teaching methodology, how they became aware of this methodological proposal and if there is a connection between their understanding about the Problem Solving and the pedagogical practice they state. The research, which was constituted of qualitative approach and exploratory nature, used as collecting tools a questionnaire and document analysis. The questionnaire was composed of open and closed questions which formed categories of analysis respectively to Teacher Education and Problem Solving, to the Understanding of Mathematics Teachers about Problem Solving and to the relation between the teaching understanding about Problem Solving and the pedagogical practice. 31 teachers with regular classes in 2017, in Elementary school and/or High School, from 26 schools in the city of Presidente Prudente answered to the questionnaire, being one teacher for school, and some schools accounting for more than one teacher. For data analysis, it was used the content analysis technique to the open questions in the questionnaire, and to analyze the closed questions it was taken into account the frequency of the answers. The document analysis was carried out in the prescribed documents that direct the teaching work at federal and state levels, in this case, the National Curricular Parameters (PCNs) and the São Paulo official State Curriculum and textbooks which supports the Curriculum (Teacher’s manual and Students textbook), which are used by the teacher who took part in the study. Based on this analysis, it was possible to conclude that in the textbooks, the Problem Solving is recognized, thus, it is claimed as a teaching methodology that ease the learning and development of mathematics contents and abilities, even though the curricular documents themselves admit the need of an educational policy that allude and conduct the continuous education of the teacher. The data and its respective analysis, allow to state that teachers understand the Problem Solving as a teaching methodology, once the problems are proposed in order to develop new mathematics concepts, stimulate students with investigative challenges, and as a result, build mathematics knowledge when solving a problem. However, teaching descriptions of pedagogical practice with Problem Solving as a teaching methodology of a mathematics concept, emphasizing that mathematics contents are formalized previously and the problems are used to finalize the topics studied, lead to claim that there are coordination displacements between teaching understanding about Problem Solving and its pedagogical practices.
This study, bound to the research line of “Practices and Formative Processes in Education” of the Post-Graduation Program in Education of FCT/UNESP, reports the results of a research which aims analyzing the comprehension that Mathematics teachers have about the Problem Solving as a teaching methodology, how they became aware of this methodological proposal and if there is a connection between their understanding about the Problem Solving and the pedagogical practice they state. The research, which was constituted of qualitative approach and exploratory nature, used as collecting tools a questionnaire and document analysis. The questionnaire was composed of open and closed questions which formed categories of analysis respectively to Teacher Education and Problem Solving, to the Understanding of Mathematics Teachers about Problem Solving and to the relation between the teaching understanding about Problem Solving and the pedagogical practice. 31 teachers with regular classes in 2017, in Elementary school and/or High School, from 26 schools in the city of Presidente Prudente answered to the questionnaire, being one teacher for school, and some schools accounting for more than one teacher. For data analysis, it was used the content analysis technique to the open questions in the questionnaire, and to analyze the closed questions it was taken into account the frequency of the answers. The document analysis was carried out in the prescribed documents that direct the teaching work at federal and state levels, in this case, the National Curricular Parameters (PCNs) and the São Paulo official State Curriculum and textbooks which supports the Curriculum (Teacher’s manual and Students textbook), which are used by the teacher who took part in the study. Based on this analysis, it was possible to conclude that in the textbooks, the Problem Solving is recognized, thus, it is claimed as a teaching methodology that ease the learning and development of mathematics contents and abilities, even though the curricular documents themselves admit the need of an educational policy that allude and conduct the continuous education of the teacher. The data and its respective analysis, allow to state that teachers understand the Problem Solving as a teaching methodology, once the problems are proposed in order to develop new mathematics concepts, stimulate students with investigative challenges, and as a result, build mathematics knowledge when solving a problem. However, teaching descriptions of pedagogical practice with Problem Solving as a teaching methodology of a mathematics concept, emphasizing that mathematics contents are formalized previously and the problems are used to finalize the topics studied, lead to claim that there are coordination displacements between teaching understanding about Problem Solving and its pedagogical practices.
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Palavras-chave
Ensino da Matemática, Resolução de Problemas, Concepções e Práticas, Professores de Matemática, Mathematics Teaching, Problem Solving, Conceptions and Practices, Mathematics Teachers