Ensino e aprendizagem de conteúdos curriculares de matemática no ensino fundamental: análise de repertórios profissionais de ensino no âmbito do Saresp
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Data
2016-03-07
Autores
Andrade, Juliana Silva de
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A implantação do Sistema de Avaliação do Rendimento Escolar do Estado de São Paulo – SARESP, desde 1996, deveria cumprir a função de produzir diagnósticos da situação da escolaridade básica paulista, visando orientar os gestores do ensino no monitoramento das políticas voltadas para a melhoria da qualidade educacional. Porém, a literatura salienta restrições nos impactos dos resultados dos sistemas de avaliação em larga escala, na atuação profissional do professor. Admite-se que a efetivação de funções diagnósticas do SARESP depende de investigações que ampliem a compreensão dos docentes da Educação Básica acerca de dimensões adotadas por esta política pública de avaliação externa, sendo tal compreensão componente essencial do repertório profissional de tais docentes. A presente pesquisa investigou fatores que poderiam influenciar nas correspondências que os professores devem estabelecer entre, de um lado, possíveis aprendizagens dos seus alunos em interação com as condições didáticas dispostas pelo próprio professor e, de outro lado, as aprendizagens preconizadas em documentos oficiais do SARESP sob a designação de habilidades ou descritores. Participaram da pesquisa uma professora do 7º e outra do 9º anos do Ensino Fundamental, responsáveis pelo componente curricular de Matemática, de uma escola da rede pública do Estado de São Paulo localizada no interior do estado. O procedimento consistiu em sete fases. Na Fase 1, ocorreu a caracterização dos planejamentos adotados pelas professoras para o ano letivo em curso quanto às Situações de Aprendizagem (SA) previstas. Na Fase 2, as participantes realizaram a descrição de uma SA já ministrada, priorizando o relato das aprendizagens previstas, as práticas e estratégias de ensino e de avaliação adotadas e as medidas de aprendizagem obtidas. Diante disso as professoras realizaram o cotejamento de tais aprendizagens com descritores previstos em documentos oficiais. Diante da transcrição dos relatos de suas ações, as professoras selecionaram uma aprendizagem e realizaram uma atividade de decomposição e de análises de lacunas assinaladas nos dados expressos na descrição da SA que foi desenvolvida. Na Fase 3 foram replicados os procedimentos da Fase 2, considerando uma SA não ministrada. Na Fase 4, o conjunto de aulas planejados na Fase 3 foram filmados e editados pela pesquisadora em episódios que priorizaram situações de interação de cada professora com os respectivos alunos. Na Fase 5, diante de cada episódio, cada professora deveria identificar: (a) se ocorreram as aprendizagens previstas; (b) quais seriam as evidências (medidas) de tais aprendizagens; e (c) quais foram os aspectos (pontos) críticos para a ocorrência das mesmas. Diante da transcrição dos relatos da professora e da descrição dos episódios, elaborada pela pesquisadora, relacionando ações do professor que antecederam respostas dos alunos, as respostas emitidas pelos alunos e ações subsequentes do professor a tais respostas, a professora estimou a correspondência entre as aprendizagens previstas nos documentos oficiais e as aprendizagens evidenciadas. Após isso as participantes indicaram outra SA ainda não ministrada para ser objeto de descrição do planejamento previstos na Fase 3. As Fases 6 e 7 consistiram na replicação das Fases 4 e 6 respectivamente para a nova SA. Considera-se que as condições metodológicas de interação adotadas nesta pesquisa possam ter favorecido o desenvolvimento de repertórios profissionais da docência definidos pela análise do alcance das práticas de ensino e de avaliação de aprendizagens adotadas cotidianamente pelas professoras participantes no trabalho. Contudo foi constatada a manutenção de expressivas diferenças entre a terminologia adotada nos documentos oficiais e a terminologia adotada nos relatos das professoras para a designação de habilidades e de medidas de aprendizagem, bem como restrições nos relatos das condições expressas no planejamento e nas descrições das ações dos alunos diante das condições de ensino oferecidas.
With the implementation of the SARESP system since 1996 carry out the function of producing a diagnosis of the state of São Paulo basic education in order to guide education managers in monitoring policies directed at improving educational quality. However, the literature reveals restrictions on the impacts of the results by the evaluation systems in large-scale,in the professional teacher action. Therefore, the present study investigated correspondences that teachers should be established between, on the one hand, possible learning of their students in interaction with the teaching conditions given by the teacher himself and, on the other hand, the proposed learning in official documents of SARESP system. The participants were two teachers of 5th and 6th grade of elementary school of a school from São Paulo. The procedure consisted of seven phases. In phase 1, the researcher contacted the planning of teachers for Learning Situations (SA) planned for the school year. In phase 2 the participants performed a description of an SA already given, prioritizing the account of planned learning the practices and teaching and assessment strategies adopted and obtained learning measures before that the teachers made the comparisons of learning with official documents. Given the transcription of reports of their actions, the teachers selected a learning and performed activities of a decompositions and gap analyzes indicated the data expressed in the description of SA that was developed. In phase 3 the procedures of Phase 2 been replicated, considering a SA not given. In the phase 4 the set of classes considered in Phase 3 were filmed and edited by the researcher that in phase 5, from the record of the classes, on episodes of teacher-student interaction, the teacher should identify: (a) There were evidenced learning by students, (b) What evidence of the measures of such learning and (c) What was the turning point for the occurrence of the learning. With the transcription of the teacher reports and description of the episodes, prepared by the researcher, relating teacher's actions leading up student responses, the answers given by students and subsequent actions teacher to such responses, the teacher estimated correspondence between planned learning in official documents and the learning evidenced by the students. After that the participants indicated another SA not given for description object of the planning set out in Phase 3. Phase 6 and 7 were characterized by the repetition of the phases 4 and 6 respectively. It is estimated that the methodological interaction conditions adopted in this research may have favored the development of professional teaching repertoires defined by analysis of the scope of teaching practices and evaluation of learning adopted by the participating teachers daily work. However the maintenance of significant differences between the terminology used in official documents and the terminology used in the reports of the teachers to describe skills and learning measures was found, as well as restrictions in the accounts of the conditions expressed in the planning and in the descriptions of the actions of students on the offered teaching conditions.
With the implementation of the SARESP system since 1996 carry out the function of producing a diagnosis of the state of São Paulo basic education in order to guide education managers in monitoring policies directed at improving educational quality. However, the literature reveals restrictions on the impacts of the results by the evaluation systems in large-scale,in the professional teacher action. Therefore, the present study investigated correspondences that teachers should be established between, on the one hand, possible learning of their students in interaction with the teaching conditions given by the teacher himself and, on the other hand, the proposed learning in official documents of SARESP system. The participants were two teachers of 5th and 6th grade of elementary school of a school from São Paulo. The procedure consisted of seven phases. In phase 1, the researcher contacted the planning of teachers for Learning Situations (SA) planned for the school year. In phase 2 the participants performed a description of an SA already given, prioritizing the account of planned learning the practices and teaching and assessment strategies adopted and obtained learning measures before that the teachers made the comparisons of learning with official documents. Given the transcription of reports of their actions, the teachers selected a learning and performed activities of a decompositions and gap analyzes indicated the data expressed in the description of SA that was developed. In phase 3 the procedures of Phase 2 been replicated, considering a SA not given. In the phase 4 the set of classes considered in Phase 3 were filmed and edited by the researcher that in phase 5, from the record of the classes, on episodes of teacher-student interaction, the teacher should identify: (a) There were evidenced learning by students, (b) What evidence of the measures of such learning and (c) What was the turning point for the occurrence of the learning. With the transcription of the teacher reports and description of the episodes, prepared by the researcher, relating teacher's actions leading up student responses, the answers given by students and subsequent actions teacher to such responses, the teacher estimated correspondence between planned learning in official documents and the learning evidenced by the students. After that the participants indicated another SA not given for description object of the planning set out in Phase 3. Phase 6 and 7 were characterized by the repetition of the phases 4 and 6 respectively. It is estimated that the methodological interaction conditions adopted in this research may have favored the development of professional teaching repertoires defined by analysis of the scope of teaching practices and evaluation of learning adopted by the participating teachers daily work. However the maintenance of significant differences between the terminology used in official documents and the terminology used in the reports of the teachers to describe skills and learning measures was found, as well as restrictions in the accounts of the conditions expressed in the planning and in the descriptions of the actions of students on the offered teaching conditions.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Avaliação em larga escala, Repertórios profissionais da docência, Ensino de Matemática, Large-scale assessment, Professional repertoires of teaching, Mathematics teaching