Vidas infames: uma etnografia das masculinidades, identidades de gênero e sobrevivências de homens que moram nas ruas
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Data
2018-08-21
Autores
Pinheiro, Zuleika de Andrade Câmara [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Esta etnografia foi realizada a partir de cenários de circulação de homens em situação de rua; Praça do Ferreira no centro de Fortaleza/Ce e o Centro POP (política pública para a população em situação de rua). A tese trata de apreender um modo específico de “olhar fronteiriço” para a relação contemporânea entre às margens, os chamados moradores de rua e o centro chamadas de “pessoas de bem”. Tendo como pano de fundo essa relação, o objetivo central deste texto é etnografar os estilos de masculinidades forjadas pelos homens em situação de rua com suas identidades abjetas e performatizações de gênero com fins de sobrevivência. Os homens em situação de rua, como categoria plástica de rejeição, acusação e desvinculação social e econômica, evocam e questionam zonas de fronteiras simbólicas, espaciais, sociais, corporais, morais e políticas. Consequentemente, incitam nas “pessoas de bem” uma defesa de ações para a sua retirada dos espaços urbanos pelos quais circulam. Com expressões limites de degradação humana por estarem abaixo na escala social e por subverterem o espaço público, os homens que moram na Praça do Ferreira criam alteridades, gestam territorialidades, acionam o Estado e incitam políticas urbanísticas sanitárias e repressivas, além de provocarem saberes e classificações. A pesquisa foi realizada em dois registros empíricos distintos: i) convivência com os homens no Centro POP e participação nas oficinas socioeducativas; ii) convivência em suas sociabilidades no espaço da Praça do Ferreira e ruas do centro de Fortaleza. As descrições e análises das cenas do campo procuram circunscrever o funcionamento e a dinâmica das manobras e deslocamentos das masculinidades, no sentido de iluminar seus fluxos, violência, tensões mais frequentes, interesses em disputa e atores que as controlam. Do debate e das análises apresentadas no corpo da tese, destaco cinco argumentos centrais: i) o urbano produz diferenças sociais, e iluminar os cruzamentos entre as relações “nós”/“eles”, pessoas/cidade, vidas possíveis/rejeição, viver/sobreviver, vida/morte é evidenciar as conexões de força que atravessam as questões políticas e sociais que envolvem o fenômeno população em situação de rua; ii) os homens forjam uma masculinidade exacerbada tendo na virilidade seu atributo de engrenagem para a violência e a constituição de um macho exacerbado; iii) performatizam gênero em práticas de masculinidade negociada que são mais dependentes, indolentes e apáticas, pelas quais os homens lançam mão de acordos tácitos ou explícitos de cooperação e coadjuvação e atitudes subservientes e condescendentes, um estilo de masculinidade menos agressivo; iv) as formas de sobrevivência nas ruas instigam alguns hábitos distintos dos hábitos sociais aos quais estamos acostumados, ao que chamou-se de masculinidade animalesca, por entender que tais comportamentos observados mais se assemelhavam aos de um macho animal do que de um humano; v) os homens praticavam atos de violência sexual contra as mulheres, estuprando as que se encontravam solteiras; a estas práticas chamou-se de masculinidade desviante. No sentido de se livrarem dos atos de violência sexual, as mulheres performatizam gênero, incorporando atitudes, posturas, aparências e comportamentos masculinos, práticas essas que se chamou de masculinidades deslocadas. Por fim, as análises sugerem que as experiências das ruas estão norteadas não apenas por marcadores sociais de diferença, como raça, classe social e gênero, mas também pela ideia de masculinidades e performatizações de gênero como manobras de sobrevivência. Essas masculinidades produzem normas, gestões, tensões, violências e territorialidades, onde os corpos em suspensão são a última fronteira para sobrevivências nessa “terra de ninguém”, ou seja, as ruas.
This ethnography was made from scenarios of circulation of street men; the Ferreira Square in the center of Fortaleza/CE and the POP Center (public policy for the street population). The thesis is about apprehending a specific mode of "frontier look" for the contemporary relationship between the margins (street men) and the center ("good people"). Against this background, its central goal is to ethnograph the styles of masculinities forged by street men with their abject identities and their gender performations in order to survive. Street men, as a plastic category of rejection, prosecution and social and economic untying, evoke and enquire areas of symbolic, spatial, social, corporeal, moral, and political frontiers. Consequently, they incite in the "good people" an avid defense of actions for their withdrawal from the urban spaces through which they circulate. With bordering expressions of human degradation, as they are below in the social scale and because they subvert the public space, street people in Praça do Ferreira create alterities, generate territorialities, trigger the State and incite sanitary and repressive urban policies, besides to provoke knowledge and classifications. The research was conducted in two different empirical registers: i) coexistence with the men in the POP Center and participation in socio-educational workshops; ii) coexistence in their sociabilities in the space of the Square of Ferreira and streets of the Fortaleza’s center. The descriptions and analysis of the field’s scenes seek to circumscribe the functioning and dynamics of the ploy of masculinities, in order to clarify their flows, violence, most common tensions, the interests in dispute and the actors that control them. From the debate and analysis presented in the thesis, I highlight five central arguments: i) the urban areas produces social differences, and clarify the crossroads between "us"/"them", people/city, possible lives/rejection, live/survive and life/death relations is to emphasize the forces that pervades the political and social issues that involve the phenomenon of population in street situation; ii) the men forge an exacerbated masculinity, with virility as their violence device and constitution of an exacerbated male; (iii) they performatize gender in negotiated masculinity practices that are more reliant, indolent e apathetic, by which men resort to tacit or explicit agreements of cooperation and coadjuvation and subservient, and condescending attitudes; a less aggressive masculinity style; iv) the forms of survival in the streets instigate some habits different from the social habits to which we are accustomed, to what was called animalistic masculinity, appearing these behaviors more to those of an animal male than a human’s; v) men practiced acts of sexual violence against women, raping those who were single; to these practices I called deviant masculinity. In order to get rid of acts of sexual violence, women performatized gender by incorporating male attitudes, posture, appearance and behaviors, which I called displaced masculinities. Finally, the analyzes suggest that the experiences of the streets are guided not only by social markers of difference, as race, social status and gender, but also by the idea of masculinities and gender performations as survival device. These masculinities produce norms, managements, tensions, violence, territorialities and alterities, where the bodies are the last survival frontier in no man's land: the streets.
This ethnography was made from scenarios of circulation of street men; the Ferreira Square in the center of Fortaleza/CE and the POP Center (public policy for the street population). The thesis is about apprehending a specific mode of "frontier look" for the contemporary relationship between the margins (street men) and the center ("good people"). Against this background, its central goal is to ethnograph the styles of masculinities forged by street men with their abject identities and their gender performations in order to survive. Street men, as a plastic category of rejection, prosecution and social and economic untying, evoke and enquire areas of symbolic, spatial, social, corporeal, moral, and political frontiers. Consequently, they incite in the "good people" an avid defense of actions for their withdrawal from the urban spaces through which they circulate. With bordering expressions of human degradation, as they are below in the social scale and because they subvert the public space, street people in Praça do Ferreira create alterities, generate territorialities, trigger the State and incite sanitary and repressive urban policies, besides to provoke knowledge and classifications. The research was conducted in two different empirical registers: i) coexistence with the men in the POP Center and participation in socio-educational workshops; ii) coexistence in their sociabilities in the space of the Square of Ferreira and streets of the Fortaleza’s center. The descriptions and analysis of the field’s scenes seek to circumscribe the functioning and dynamics of the ploy of masculinities, in order to clarify their flows, violence, most common tensions, the interests in dispute and the actors that control them. From the debate and analysis presented in the thesis, I highlight five central arguments: i) the urban areas produces social differences, and clarify the crossroads between "us"/"them", people/city, possible lives/rejection, live/survive and life/death relations is to emphasize the forces that pervades the political and social issues that involve the phenomenon of population in street situation; ii) the men forge an exacerbated masculinity, with virility as their violence device and constitution of an exacerbated male; (iii) they performatize gender in negotiated masculinity practices that are more reliant, indolent e apathetic, by which men resort to tacit or explicit agreements of cooperation and coadjuvation and subservient, and condescending attitudes; a less aggressive masculinity style; iv) the forms of survival in the streets instigate some habits different from the social habits to which we are accustomed, to what was called animalistic masculinity, appearing these behaviors more to those of an animal male than a human’s; v) men practiced acts of sexual violence against women, raping those who were single; to these practices I called deviant masculinity. In order to get rid of acts of sexual violence, women performatized gender by incorporating male attitudes, posture, appearance and behaviors, which I called displaced masculinities. Finally, the analyzes suggest that the experiences of the streets are guided not only by social markers of difference, as race, social status and gender, but also by the idea of masculinities and gender performations as survival device. These masculinities produce norms, managements, tensions, violence, territorialities and alterities, where the bodies are the last survival frontier in no man's land: the streets.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Masculinidades, Moradores de rua, Identidade de gênero, Sobrevivência, Masculinities, Homeless, Gender identities, Survivals