Cartografia do relevo no Ensino Fundamental: análise de práticas em sala de aula e propostas didáticas
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Data
2018-10-22
Autores
Sala, Marcos Elias
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O objetivo central da presente tese é identificar as variáveis conceituais, cognitivas e didático-pedagógicas que dificultam ou impedem estudantes do 6º ano do Ensino Fundamental II de compreenderem satisfatoriamente as grandes formas de relevo. Esta pesquisa desenvolveu-se a partir da constatação da persistência histórica destas dificuldades, como decorrência da relação conflituosa entre os conceitos difundidos por diversos livros didáticos e os conteúdos sistematizados no mapa das Unidades do Relevo Brasileiro. Inicia-se o texto com reflexões referentes à pertinência da concentração de tópicos do conhecimento geomorfológico apenas no 6º ano, associadas à forma pela qual são elaborados os mapas escolares de relevo e topográficos, as respectivas escalas de análise e a abordagem morfogenética do relevo, que devido à incompatibilidade cognitiva para sua compreensão no 6º ano, se torna um conteúdo apenas a ser memorizado. Como forma de delinear e intervir neste cenário, cinco exercícios presentes em livros didáticos foram investigados, para então se propor materiais que visavam oportunizar melhores condições para o ensino e aprendizagem do assunto. Para isso, foi utilizada a metodologia de Pesquisa Qualitativa, com coleta de dados em quatro escolas de Belo Horizonte/MG. Para levantamento dos dados nas escolas, foram necessárias três etapas de campo, em 2014, 2015 e 2018. A primeira etapa teve caráter diagnóstico, e forneceu elementos que subsidiaram a elaboração de exercícios aperfeiçoados para a segunda etapa, que por sua vez subsidiaram novos exercícios para a terceira etapa. Os resultados da terceira etapa indicaram que o estudo do relevo enquanto condicionante ambiental se mostrou mais eficaz do que através da compreensão dos conceitos de planaltos, planícies e depressões. Os resultados finais permitiram constatar que o ensino das formas superficiais de relevo através da denominação de suas grandes formas no Ensino Fundamental é inadequado, sendo indicada sua abordagem somente após o alcance do estágio cognitivo abstrato, que pode ocorrer entre 11 e 15 anos de idade. Constatou-se também a existência de problemas conceituais, especialmente relacionados às depressões. Paralelamente, foram realizadas entrevistas com os professores das turmas que participaram da pesquisa e com o Prof. Dr. Jurandyr Ross, que é a principal referência na inserção e disseminação do conteúdo das formas de relevo em livros didáticos da Educação Básica. Este estudo foi enriquecido com pesquisas referentes à construção conceitual e distribuição dos conteúdos geomorfológicos em livros didáticos húngaros, nos quais foi possível constatar que o relevo é trabalhado processualmente, do primeiro ao último ano escolar. O estudo se encerra anunciando a necessidade de diálogos mais profundos com a metodologia húngara, no intuito de se pensar em uma alfabetização geomorfológica processual, desenvolvida em escalas de detalhe, voltadas para a realidade discente, e cujos mapas possam ser elaborados coerentemente com as habilidades cognitivas requeridas. As formas de relevo, além de contribuírem na compreensão da origem e evolução do planeta, ajudam a promover o senso de pertencimento, cidadania e o melhor entendimento de sua significância enquanto componente cultural, socioeconômico e ambiental.
The main goal of this thesis is to identify the conceptual, cognitive and didactic-pedagogical variables that make it difficult or obstruct for students in the 6th grade of Elementary School to comprehend satisfactorily how the Brazilian great landforms are. This research was developed from the historical persistence of these difficulties, as a result of the conflictual relationship between the concepts disseminated by various didactic books and the systematized contents on the map of the Brazilian Relief Units. The text begins with reflections about the pertinence of the topics’ concentration of geomorphological knowledge only in the 6th grade, associated with the way in which the school maps of relief and topography are elaborated, the respective scales of analysis and the morphogenetic approach of the landforms, which due to cognitive incompatibility for their understanding in the 6th grade, becomes a content only to be memorized. As a way of delineating and intervening in this scenario, five exercises in textbooks were investigated, in order to propose materials that aim to provide better conditions for teaching and learning the subject. For this, a Qualitative Research’s methodology was used, with data collection in four schools in Belo Horizonte/MG. In order to collect data in schools, three field stages were necessary in 2014, 2015 and 2018. The first stage was diagnostic, and provided elements that supported the elaboration of improved exercises for the second stage, which in turn subsidized new exercises for the third stage. The results of the third stage indicated that the study of the landforms as an environmental conditioner proved to be more effective than through the understanding of the concepts of plateaus, plains and depressions. The final results showed that the teaching of the superficial landforms through the denomination of its great forms in Elementary School is inadequate, and its approach is indicated only after reaching the abstract cognitive stage, which can occur between 11 and 15 years of age. Conceptual problems, especially related to depressions, were also found. At the same time, interviews were carried out with the teachers of the groups that participated in the research and with Prof. Dr. Jurandyr Ross, who is the main reference in the insertion and dissemination of the content of landforms in textbooks of Basic Education. This study was enriched with researches related to the conceptual construction and distribution of geomorphological contents in Hungarian textbooks, in which it was possible to verify that the landforns is processed procedurally, from the first to the last school year. The study concludes by announcing the need for deeper dialogues with the Hungarian methodology, in order to think of a procedural geomorphological literacy, developed at extended scales, aimed at the student reality, and whose maps can be elaborated coherently with the required cognitive skills. The landforms, besides contributing to the understanding of the origin and evolution of the planet, help promote a sense of belonging, citizenship and a better understanding of its significance as a cultural, socioeconomic and environmental component.
The main goal of this thesis is to identify the conceptual, cognitive and didactic-pedagogical variables that make it difficult or obstruct for students in the 6th grade of Elementary School to comprehend satisfactorily how the Brazilian great landforms are. This research was developed from the historical persistence of these difficulties, as a result of the conflictual relationship between the concepts disseminated by various didactic books and the systematized contents on the map of the Brazilian Relief Units. The text begins with reflections about the pertinence of the topics’ concentration of geomorphological knowledge only in the 6th grade, associated with the way in which the school maps of relief and topography are elaborated, the respective scales of analysis and the morphogenetic approach of the landforms, which due to cognitive incompatibility for their understanding in the 6th grade, becomes a content only to be memorized. As a way of delineating and intervening in this scenario, five exercises in textbooks were investigated, in order to propose materials that aim to provide better conditions for teaching and learning the subject. For this, a Qualitative Research’s methodology was used, with data collection in four schools in Belo Horizonte/MG. In order to collect data in schools, three field stages were necessary in 2014, 2015 and 2018. The first stage was diagnostic, and provided elements that supported the elaboration of improved exercises for the second stage, which in turn subsidized new exercises for the third stage. The results of the third stage indicated that the study of the landforms as an environmental conditioner proved to be more effective than through the understanding of the concepts of plateaus, plains and depressions. The final results showed that the teaching of the superficial landforms through the denomination of its great forms in Elementary School is inadequate, and its approach is indicated only after reaching the abstract cognitive stage, which can occur between 11 and 15 years of age. Conceptual problems, especially related to depressions, were also found. At the same time, interviews were carried out with the teachers of the groups that participated in the research and with Prof. Dr. Jurandyr Ross, who is the main reference in the insertion and dissemination of the content of landforms in textbooks of Basic Education. This study was enriched with researches related to the conceptual construction and distribution of geomorphological contents in Hungarian textbooks, in which it was possible to verify that the landforns is processed procedurally, from the first to the last school year. The study concludes by announcing the need for deeper dialogues with the Hungarian methodology, in order to think of a procedural geomorphological literacy, developed at extended scales, aimed at the student reality, and whose maps can be elaborated coherently with the required cognitive skills. The landforms, besides contributing to the understanding of the origin and evolution of the planet, help promote a sense of belonging, citizenship and a better understanding of its significance as a cultural, socioeconomic and environmental component.
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Palavras-chave
Cartografia escolar, Formas de relevo, Geomorfologia, Pesquisa qualitativa, Educação geográfica, Scholar cartography, Landforms, Geomorphology, Qualitative research, Geographic education, Formas de relieve, Geomorfología, Educación geográfica