Interação liana-árvore em vegetações com padrões sazonais contrastantes
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Data
2018-10-25
Autores
Vargas, Betânia da Cunha [UNESP]
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Lianas são plantas que alocam a biomassa primordialmente para a produção de folhas em detrimento da estrutura de suporte com alta densidade de madeira. Como consequência disso, lianas precisam de outros componentes florestais, geralmente árvores, para alcançar e permanecer no dossel. Uma vez estabelecida essa interação caracteriza-se como antagônica e duradoura, sendo que as lianas são os competidores mais eficientes acima e abaixo do dossel. Isso ocorre, pois, as características foliares e radiculares garantem às lianas rápida absorção e transporte de água e nutrientes, principalmente em períodos de escassez hídrica. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a interação entre árvores e lianas ao longo de comunidades florestais neotropicais e foi dividido em três capítulos. No capítulo um, fizemos uma revisão sistemática sobre os estudos com lianas na região Neotropical (26ºN-26ºS). Para realizar esta revisão, pesquisamos em bancos de dados especializados, artigos que continham os termos liana*, “climb* plant*”, vine*, trepad*, sem limitação de país, e incluímos somente artigos científicos. Os artigos foram classificados em categorias pré-estabelecidas. Esta revisão encontrou 425 artigos com lianas para a região Neotropical, sendo a maior quantidade destes focados na interação entre árvores e lianas (255) e os demais exclusivos sobre lianas (170). A maioria dos artigos derivou de pesquisas no Brasil e Panamá, em florestas úmidas e floresta sazonal, e os temas de fitossociologia e ecofisiologia prevaleceram nos trabalhos. No capítulo dois, realizamos um levantamento fitossociológico em duas áreas de cerrado e uma floresta semidecidual no estado de São Paulo e incluímos áreas sazonais e não-sazonais disponibilizadas no banco de dados de Alwyn H. Gentry. Constatamos que o modelo proposto de biomassa e acúmulo de carbono foi bem representado e que os fatores climáticos não exerceram efeito direto sobre a biomassa de lianas e nem no estoque de carbono. A biomassa de lianas tem efeito direto e significativo somente com a biomassa arbórea e abundância de lianas, e biomassa arbórea é o único fator com efeito direto e significativo para o estoque de carbono. Por fim, no terceiro capítulo avaliamos as variações sazonais das propriedades foliares e espectrais de árvores e lianas e a possibilidade de distinguir árvores de lianas no cerrado. Nossos resultados mostraram que por meio do espectro de reflectância não foi possível distinguir árvores e lianas. Enquanto que, a área foliar específica e a concentração nutricional nas folhas são fortes atributos para separar árvores e lianas. Portanto, consideramos a importância de incluir estudos em áreas sazonalmente extremas, pois nestes ambientes, assim como em cerrado, lianas podem ter padrões e respostas distintos do que previsto para florestas úmidas. Além disso, destacarmos a relevância do componente arbóreo em detrimento dos fatores climáticos nas florestas neotropicais.
Lianas are plants that invest biomass primarily to leaf production in detriment of woody components. The consequence of this is that lianas need other forest components, usually trees, to reach and remain in the canopy. Once established, this interaction is characterized as antagonistic and lasting, as lianas are more efficient in below and aboveground. This is due to the foliar and root characteristics of lianas that are known for fast absorption and transportation of water and nutrients, especially in drought period. We carried out an ecological research, that is divided in 3 chapters, on the antagonistic interaction between trees and lianas along neotropical forests. In chapter I, we performed a review on liana studies in the Neotropical region (26ºN-26ºS. To do this review we searched, in specialized databases, for articles that used the terms liana *, "climb * plant*", vine *, trepad *, without country limitation, but restricting ourselves only to scientific articles. In this process, we found 425 articles regarding lianas on the Neotropical region. Most of them were focused on the interaction between trees and lianas (255), although some talked exclusively about lianas (170). The majority of the articles came from studies in Brazil and Panama, in rainforests and seasonal forest, with dominance of phytosociology and ecophysiology themes. In Chapter 2, we performed a phytosociological survey in two cerrado and a semidecidual forest in São Paulo, where we followed a standard methodology suggested by Alwyn H. Gentry. We have also included seasonal and no seasonal areas available in this author's database. We found that the model well represented and the climatic factors had no direct effect on lianas biomass or carbon stock. Liana biomass has a direct and significant effect only with tree biomass and abundance of lianas. While tree biomass is the only factor with a direct and significant effect on the forest carbon stocks. In Chapter 3, we evaluated the seasonal variations of foliar and spectral properties of trees and lianas, and identified if it is possible to distinguish these groups in cerrado. As we concluded, the reflectance spectrum was not a good parameter to distinguish the lianas and trees. However, the specific leaf area and nutritional concentration in the leaves are strong attributes to separate trees and lianas. Therefore, we consider that studies with lianas need to be conducted in areas with extreme seasonality of precipitation. Because in these environments, like in cerrado, lianas may have differeny patterns from those predicted for rainforests. In addition, we highlight the relevance of the arboreal component to the detriment of the climatic factors in the Neotropical forests.
Lianas are plants that invest biomass primarily to leaf production in detriment of woody components. The consequence of this is that lianas need other forest components, usually trees, to reach and remain in the canopy. Once established, this interaction is characterized as antagonistic and lasting, as lianas are more efficient in below and aboveground. This is due to the foliar and root characteristics of lianas that are known for fast absorption and transportation of water and nutrients, especially in drought period. We carried out an ecological research, that is divided in 3 chapters, on the antagonistic interaction between trees and lianas along neotropical forests. In chapter I, we performed a review on liana studies in the Neotropical region (26ºN-26ºS. To do this review we searched, in specialized databases, for articles that used the terms liana *, "climb * plant*", vine *, trepad *, without country limitation, but restricting ourselves only to scientific articles. In this process, we found 425 articles regarding lianas on the Neotropical region. Most of them were focused on the interaction between trees and lianas (255), although some talked exclusively about lianas (170). The majority of the articles came from studies in Brazil and Panama, in rainforests and seasonal forest, with dominance of phytosociology and ecophysiology themes. In Chapter 2, we performed a phytosociological survey in two cerrado and a semidecidual forest in São Paulo, where we followed a standard methodology suggested by Alwyn H. Gentry. We have also included seasonal and no seasonal areas available in this author's database. We found that the model well represented and the climatic factors had no direct effect on lianas biomass or carbon stock. Liana biomass has a direct and significant effect only with tree biomass and abundance of lianas. While tree biomass is the only factor with a direct and significant effect on the forest carbon stocks. In Chapter 3, we evaluated the seasonal variations of foliar and spectral properties of trees and lianas, and identified if it is possible to distinguish these groups in cerrado. As we concluded, the reflectance spectrum was not a good parameter to distinguish the lianas and trees. However, the specific leaf area and nutritional concentration in the leaves are strong attributes to separate trees and lianas. Therefore, we consider that studies with lianas need to be conducted in areas with extreme seasonality of precipitation. Because in these environments, like in cerrado, lianas may have differeny patterns from those predicted for rainforests. In addition, we highlight the relevance of the arboreal component to the detriment of the climatic factors in the Neotropical forests.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Revisão, Interação antagonista, Lianas, Estoque de carbono, Características funcionais, Neotropical, Review, Antagonistic interaction, Carbon stocks, Functional traits