Agora o rio vive seco: populações tradicionais, exceção e espoliação em face da instalação de grandes projetos na Volta Grande do Xingu
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Data
2018-10-16
Autores
Chaves, Kena Azevedo
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A Amazônia, nos últimos 20 anos, tomou nova centralidade na estratégia brasileira de exportação de commodities. Além da produção e circulação de bens primários, o aumento do interesse pela região justifica-se pela necessidade de redução de custos energéticos e logísticos para inserção internacional competitiva, e pelo crescimento da importância das rendas do extrativismo para os orçamentos do Estado. A expansão atual da indústria extrativa expõe novos mecanismos para realização da acumulação do capital, cuja compreensão também é possível a partir da identificação de dois processos que atuam de maneira complementar: o primeiro deles apresentado por Harvey (2012), com base em Luxemburgo (1985), que ao conceituar a acumulação por espoliação, aponta para a retomada da importância da incorporação de territórios para a reprodução do modo de produção capitalista. O segundo processo é descrito por Agamben (2002; 2004), que ao discutir a exceção, aponta o papel do Estado na suspensão dos direitos e produção da vida nua, vida matável que pode ser eliminada . Nas fronteiras de expansão do capital extrativo na Amazônia, num ambiente de direitos constitucionais estabelecidos, embora frágeis, a apropriação das terras tradicionalmente ocupadas (ALMEIDA, 2004b) só pode acontecer a partir da suspensão de direitos, e consequente supressão da existência política da população. Ao instaurar de maneira tácita a exceção, o Estado, em função de interesse econômicos, destitui de direitos ribeirinhos, indígenas, extrativistas, pequenos agricultores, convertendo-os à vida nua. Em tal contexto, a apropriação do território, antes sob controle destes povos, faz-se possível pelas grandes empresas que, em parceria com o Estado, operam projetos de desenvolvimento para a região. A exceção coloca-se como etapa necessária à espoliação, entendimento que colabora para a compreensão do processo de acumulação capitalista atual. A partir da apresentação do caso das famílias duplamente atingidas pela UHE Belo Monte e Mineração Belo Sun, na Volta Grande do Xingu (PA), explora-se a relação entre exceção e espoliação através das categorias População Tradicional e Atingidos, destacando estratégias das empresas e Estados no processo de apropriação dos territórios das populações atingidas pelos empreendimentos.
In the last 20 years, the Amazon has taken on a new centrality in the Brazilian strategy of exporting commodities . In addition to the production and circulation of primary goods, the increase in interest in the region is justified by the need to reduce energy and logistic costs for competitive international insertion, and by increasing the importance of extractive revenues to the state budgets. The current expansion of the extractive industry exposes new mechanisms to carry out the accumulation process, whose comprehension is also possible from the identification of two complementary processes: the first one presented by Harvey (2012), based in Luxembourg, who when conceptualizing the accumulation by dispossession, points to the resumption of the importance of the incorporation of territories for the maintenance of the capitalist mode of production. The second process is described by Agamben (2002; 2004), who in discussing the exception points out the role of the State in suspending the rights and production of bare life, a life that can be eliminated without being responsible. On the frontiers of expansion of extractive capital in the Amazon, in an environment of established but fragile constitutional rights, the appropriation of the traditionally occupied lands (ALMEIDA, 2004b) can only happen after the suspension of rights, and consequent suppression of the political existence of the population. By stating tacitly the exception, the State, due to economic interests, removes riverine, indigenous, extractive, smallholder rights, converting them to bare life. In this way the appropriation of wealth, previously under the control of these peoples, is made possible by the large companies that, in partnership with the State, operate development projects for the region. In this context, the exception is a necessary step to spoliation, an understanding that contributes to the understanding of the current accumulation process. From the presentation of the case of the families that were doubly affected by the Belo Monte Hydroelectric Plant and Belo Sun Mining, in the Volta Grande do Xingu (PA), the relationship between exception and spoliation was explored, highlighting strategies of companies and States in the process of appropriation of the territories of the populations affected by the enterprises.
In the last 20 years, the Amazon has taken on a new centrality in the Brazilian strategy of exporting commodities . In addition to the production and circulation of primary goods, the increase in interest in the region is justified by the need to reduce energy and logistic costs for competitive international insertion, and by increasing the importance of extractive revenues to the state budgets. The current expansion of the extractive industry exposes new mechanisms to carry out the accumulation process, whose comprehension is also possible from the identification of two complementary processes: the first one presented by Harvey (2012), based in Luxembourg, who when conceptualizing the accumulation by dispossession, points to the resumption of the importance of the incorporation of territories for the maintenance of the capitalist mode of production. The second process is described by Agamben (2002; 2004), who in discussing the exception points out the role of the State in suspending the rights and production of bare life, a life that can be eliminated without being responsible. On the frontiers of expansion of extractive capital in the Amazon, in an environment of established but fragile constitutional rights, the appropriation of the traditionally occupied lands (ALMEIDA, 2004b) can only happen after the suspension of rights, and consequent suppression of the political existence of the population. By stating tacitly the exception, the State, due to economic interests, removes riverine, indigenous, extractive, smallholder rights, converting them to bare life. In this way the appropriation of wealth, previously under the control of these peoples, is made possible by the large companies that, in partnership with the State, operate development projects for the region. In this context, the exception is a necessary step to spoliation, an understanding that contributes to the understanding of the current accumulation process. From the presentation of the case of the families that were doubly affected by the Belo Monte Hydroelectric Plant and Belo Sun Mining, in the Volta Grande do Xingu (PA), the relationship between exception and spoliation was explored, highlighting strategies of companies and States in the process of appropriation of the territories of the populations affected by the enterprises.
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Palavras-chave
UHE Belo Monte, Mineração Belo Sun, Volta Grande do Xingu, Populações tradicionais, Exceção, Espoliação, Belo Monte Dam, Belo Sun mining, Xingu river, Traditional populations, Exception, Dispossession