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Photosynthesis, Biochemical and Yield Performance of Grapevine Hybrids in Two Rootstock and Trellis Height
(2023-05-01) Domingues Neto, Francisco José [UNESP]; Pimentel Junior, Adilson [UNESP]; Modesto, Lenon Romano; Moura, Mara Fernandes; Putti, Fernando Ferrari [UNESP]; Boaro, Carmen Silvia Fernandes [UNESP]; Ono, Elizabeth Orika [UNESP]; Rodrigues, João Domingos [UNESP]; Tecchio, Marco Antonio [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC); Agronomic Institute of Campinas (IAC)
The interaction between variety, rootstock, and trellis height is important for grapevine management, mainly for producing new varieties of grapes for juice and wine in new wine-growing regions with high production potential. Then, this study aimed to evaluate the rootstocks and trellis height influence on photosynthesis, biochemical, and yield performance for grapevine hybrids. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design using two factors, rootstocks (‘IAC 766’ and ‘106-8 Mgt’) and trellis height (until 1.6 and 2.0 m), evaluated for two grapevine hybrids (IAC 138-22 ‘Maximo’ and ‘BRS Violeta’). During grapevine flowering, it was evaluated photosynthesis and biochemical performance, for this, the gaseous exchanges were measured using the open system photosynthesis equipment with a CO2 analyzer and water vapor by infrared radiation, being net assimilation rate of CO2, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, internal CO2 concentration, water use efficiency, carboxylation efficiency (Rubisco), and the flux density of photosynthetically active photons. At the stages of grapevine flowering and ripening berries were evaluated the antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT)), total soluble proteins, chlorophylls, and SPAD. The interaction between rootstock and trellis heigh influenced varieties’ photosynthesis, biochemical, and yield performance. In conclusion under subtropical conditions, better photosynthesis, biochemical, and yield performance were observed when both cultivars were grafted on the ‘IAC 766’ rootstock. The ‘IAC 138-22 Maximo’ was trained until 2.0 and grafted on the ‘IAC 766’ rootstock, increasing grape production and photosynthesis efficiency. In addition, this variety was more productive than ‘BRS Violeta’.
To each their own! Nectar plasticity within a flower mediates distinct ecological interactions
(2023-02-01) Balduino, Hannelise de Kassia [UNESP]; Tunes, Priscila [UNESP]; Giordano, Emanuele; Guarnieri, Massimo; Machado, Silvia Rodrigues [UNESP]; Nepi, Massimo; Guimarães, Elza [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); University of Siena; National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC)
Nuptial and extranuptial nectaries are involved in interactions with different animal functional groups. Nectar traits involved in pollination mutualisms are well known. However, we know little about those traits involved in other mutualisms, such as ant-plant interactions, especially when both types of nectaries are in the same plant organ, the flower. Here we investigated if when two types of nectaries are exploited by distinct functional groups of floral visitors, even being within the same plant organ, the nectar secreted presents distinct features that fit animal requirements. We compared nectar secretion dynamics, floral visitors and nectar chemical composition of both nuptial and extranuptial nectaries in natural populations of the liana Amphilophium mansoanum (Bignoniaceae). For that we characterized nectar sugar, amino acid and specialized metabolite composition by high-performance liquid chromatography. Nuptial nectaries were visited by three medium- and large-sized bee species and extranuptial nectaries were visited mainly by ants, but also by cockroaches, wasps and flies. Nuptial and extranuptial nectar differed regarding volume, concentration, milligrams of sugars per flower and secretion dynamics. Nuptial nectar was sucrose-dominated, with high amounts of γ-aminobutyric acid and β-aminobutyric acid and with theophylline-like alkaloid, which were all exclusive of nuptial nectar. Whereas extranuptial nectar was hexose-rich, had a richer and less variable amino acid chemical profile, with high amounts of serine and alanine amino acids and with higher amounts of the specialized metabolite tyramine. The nectar traits from nuptial and extranuptial nectaries differ in energy amount and nutritional value, as well as in neuroactive specialized metabolites. These differences seem to match floral visitors' requirements, since they exclusively consume one of the two nectar types and may be exerting selective pressures on the composition of the respective resources of interest.
Impact of GA3 on Sugar and Lipid Degradation during Annona x atemoya Mabb. Seed Germination
(2023-03-01) Mimi, Carolina Ovile [UNESP]; Sousa, Marília Caixeta [UNESP]; Corrêa, Patrícia Luciana Carriel [UNESP]; De-la-Cruz-Chacón, Ivan; Boaro, Carmen Sílvia Fernandes [UNESP]; Ferreira, Gisela [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas
Gibberellins act to overcome dormancy and increase the germination rate of seeds of several species, including the genus Annona. Considering that Annona seeds have a high lipid content and have few sugars, the degradation of such reserves from the application of gibberellins has not been described so far. This study aimed to evaluate how the application of different gibberellic acid (GA3) concentrations acts on the sugar and lipid degradation pattern during the germination of atemoya seeds (Annona x atemoya Mabb.). Therefore, two experiments were carried out, one to evaluate the effect of GA3 on the germination process and another to evaluate the degradation of the reserves. To study the effect of GA3 on germinability, four treatments with GA3 concentrations of 0, 250, 500, and 1000 mg L−1 were used. To study the degradation of reserves, the four GA3 concentrations and five collection times were used (dry seed; seed with 1 day, 5 days, and 10 days of water acquisition; and seeds with primary root emission). Atemoya seeds showed an increase in germinability and changes in the sugar and lipid degradation pattern during the germination process in response to the treatments with GA3. Lipid and sugar degradation was observed from 24 h after seed immersion in GA3. The highest GA3 concentrations (500 and 1000 mg L−1) led to increases of 25% and 20%, respectively, in the germination rate, intensification of lipid degradation in seeds with primary root emission, and a decrease in sugar concentration until the 5th day.
Morphometry of chincuya seeds (Annona purpurea Moc. & Sessé ex Dunal) and embryonic growth under dry warm storage
(2023-01-01) Vidal-Lezama, Eloísa; Villegas-Monter, Ángel; Vaquera-Huerta, Humberto; Robledo-Paz, Alejandrina; Martínez-Palacios, Alejandro; Ferreira, Gisela [UNESP]; UACH. Chapingo; Colegio de Postgraduados. Montecillo; UMSNH; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
In Mexico, Annona purpurea Moc. & Sessé ex Dunal, chincuya is found in mountains and family gardens. It is used as food (fruits), traditional medicine (leaves, stems, roots, seeds, bark), wood in construction, papermaking, carpentry, rope making, and as fuel. There is not enough information on the seed, nor on germination management, which is scarce, prolonged and erratic. Considering that the morphophysiological dormancy is the probable cause, it was necessary, within a broader project, to start with the characterization of the seed and determine the effect of dry warm storage (DWS) on it. The perimeter and length of the embryos increased due to the increase in length of the cotyledons and the hypocotil root axis, while the middle hypocotyl area decreased, forming an acinturated embryo. These data indicate that the embryos of chincuya are underdeveloped since they grew and modified their shape, due to the effect of DWS, until the 6th month. This development of the embryo within the seed during dry warm storage confirms the presence of morphological dormancy. This is the first report of embryo growth and characterization of chincuya seeds.
Application of Strobilurins and Carboxamides Improves the Physiology and Productivity of Tomato Plants in a Protected Environment
(2023-02-01) Jacobelis, Walter [UNESP]; Aires, Eduardo Santana [UNESP]; Ferraz, Andrew Kim Lopes [UNESP]; Marques, Isabelly Cristina da Silva [UNESP]; Freitas, Francisco Gilvan Borges Ferreira [UNESP]; Silva, Dayane Mércia Ribeiro [UNESP]; Ono, Elizabeth Orika [UNESP]; Rodrigues, João Domingos [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
The use of fungicides from the strobilurin and carboxamide groups demonstrates an effect on photosynthetic efficiency by increasing CO2 assimilation and, consequently, plant productivity, due to better a physiological performance. The objective was to evaluate the effect of the application of these fungicides on the physiology and yield of tomato plants. A randomized block design was used with six treatments and five blocks: control, azoxystrobin (75 g ha−1), boscalid (75 g ha−1), pyraclostrobin (75 g ha−1), fluxapyroxad (75 g ha−1) and fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin (50.1 g and 99.9 g ha−1). Different physiological, biochemical and antioxidant enzymatic parameters were evaluated. The application of fungicides increased the CO2 assimilation by 64% and the production per plant by 91%. The activity of the nitrate reductase enzyme increased by 1.69 times, the antioxidant system by 3.68 times and photosynthetic pigments by 1.16 times under the action of the studied fungicides with respect to the control. Therefore, the application of fungicides favored the development of the tomato plant, especially with the use of Pyraclostrobin (75 g ha−1).
Sugar Metabolism and Photosynthesis of Tomatoes Irrigated with Water Treated with Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Resonance Fields in Different Fertigation Doses
(2022-10-01) Nogueira, Bianca Bueno [UNESP]; Vicente, Eduardo Festozo [UNESP]; Nunes Chaves, Prínscilla Pâmela [UNESP]; Zanetti, Willian Aparecido Leotti [UNESP]; Ono, Elizabeth Orika [UNESP]; da Silva, Gustavo Ferreira [UNESP]; dos Reis, André Rodrigues [UNESP]; Putti, Fernando Ferrari [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Management of irrigation and fertilization in greenhouses, if not done correctly, can cause soil salinization. The use of water treated with very low-frequency electromagnetic resonance fields (WVLF) can reduce salinization effects on the photosynthetic and biometric systems. Thus, the purpose of the research to evaluate the metabolism of photosynthesis and the impact of WVLF on the cultivation of tomato crops subjected to different levels of fertigation. For this, the gas exchange parameters were evaluated, as well as chlorophyll a fluorescence, sugar contents, sucrose, chlorophylls, and phaeophytins and fruit production. The gas exchange parameters had greater activity when subjected to irrigation with electromagnetic water, consequently the production of sugar and sucrose increased. Photosynthetic System II showed less salinity effect, being favored by very low-frequency electromagnetic resonance fields. The production increased by 20% for the dose of 2.5 d·Sm−1 of WVLF reducing the effects caused by higher doses. Hence, the induction of water by electromagnetic fields can provide less damage to the photosynthetic system and to the cultivation of the tomato crop when subjected to saline stress and, consequently, favor the production of fruits by this crop under such conditions.
Temperature and GA3 as Modulating Factors in the Biosynthesis of Alkaloids during Imbibition and Early Development of Annona x atemoya Mabb. cv. ‘Gefner’ Seedlings
(2022-09-01) da Silva, Gustavo Cabral [UNESP]; de-la-Cruz-Chacón, Ivan; Honório, Ana Beatriz Marques [UNESP]; Martin, Bruna Cavinatti [UNESP]; Sousa, Marília Caixeta [UNESP]; Campos, Felipe Girotto [UNESP]; Boaro, Carmen Sílvia Fernandes [UNESP]; Ferreira, Gisela [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas (UNICACH)
Alkaloids are products of the specialized metabolism of plants and temperature is a factor capable of modulating their biosynthesis. Species of the Annonaceae family biosynthesize alkaloids and present dormancy in their seeds, which can be overcome with the use of gibberellins. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate whether temperature variations and the use of gibberellin in seeds affect the production of alkaloids during germination and early development of Annona x atemoya Mabb. cv. ‘Gefner’ seedlings. Results showed that the temperature of 30 °C associated with imbibition in water caused an increase in the production of total alkaloids and liriodenine and that the use of gibberellin decreased production. In addition, it was possible to identify the presence of nine other alkaloids with organ-specific distribution. The presence of none of them was induced by the effect of temperature or gibberellic acid. Therefore, it could be concluded that temperature variation and the use of GA3 alter the biosynthesis of alkaloids, with high temperature causing increased concentration, but the use of GA3 reducing production.
Sem título
(1975-09-01) Silberbauer-Gottsberger, Ilse; Gottsberger, Gerhard; Faculdade de Ciências Médicas e Biológicas de Botucatu
In order to study the functional differentiation in flowers of 15 sphingophilous Brazilian Angiosperms, anthesis, flower morphology, flower odours and the behaviour of visiting animals were investigated. All 15 species were found to have nocturnal anthesis, but only 13 proved to be predominantly visited by hawk-moths. Of the 3 Lafoensia populations studied, one was pollinated only by hawk-moths, one was chiropterophilous and one had a mixed bat-moth pollination; there are corresponding differences in flower dimensions. © 1975 Springer-Verlag.
Morphoanatomical Changes in Eucalyptus grandis Leaves Associated with Resistance to Austropuccinia psidii in Plants of Two Ages
(2023-01-01) Furtado, Edson Luiz [UNESP]; Silva, André Costa da; Silva, Érica Araújo Rodrigues; Rodella, Roberto Antônio [UNESP]; Soares, Marcus Alvarenga; Serrão, José Eduardo; de Pieri, Cristiane [UNESP]; Zanuncio, José Cola; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Instituto de Pesquisas e Estudos Florestais (IPEF); Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri; Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV)
The fungus Austropuccinia psidii infects young tissues of Eucalyptus plants until they are two years old in the nursery and field, causing Myrtaceae rust. The characteristics making older eucalypt leaves resistant to A. psidii and the reason for the low levels of this pathogen in older plants need evaluations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the morphological differences between Eucalyptus grandis leaves of different growth stages and two plant ages to propose a visual phenological scale to classify E. grandis leaves according to their maturation stages and to evaluate the time of leaf maturation for young and adult plants. A scale, based on a morphological differentiation for E. grandis leaves, was made. The color, shape and size distinguished the leaves of the first five leaf pairs. Anatomical analysis showed a higher percentage of reinforced tissue, such as sclerenchyma-like tissue and collenchyma, greater leaf blade thickness, absence of lower palisade parenchyma in the mature leaves and a higher number of cavities with essential oils than in younger ones. Changes in anatomical characteristics that could reduce the susceptibility of older E. grandis leaves to A. psidii coincide with the time of developing leaf resistance. Reduced infection of this pathogen in older plants appears to be associated with a more rapid maturation of their leaf tissues.
Palynology of Amicia Kunth. (Leguminosae–Papilionoideae–Dalbergieae–Informal Adesmia clade) set in a systematic and phylogenetic context
(2022-01-01) Antonio-Domingues, Higor; Fortuna-Perez, Ana Paula [UNESP]; Rossi, Mônica Lanzoni; Martinelli, Adriana Pinheiro; Lewis, Gwilym Peter; Pinto da Luz, Cynthia Fernandes; Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Universidade de São Paulo (USP); Royal Botanic Gardens
Amicia is the least diverse genus of the Adesmia clade. It has a disjunct distribution with six endemic species restricted to the central Andes of South America and one species endemic to Mexico. The phylogeny and taxonomy of this genus have been extensively studied. Nevertheless, pollen data are still insufficiently known within a taxonomic context. In this study, we analysed all Amicia species using light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy and we present phylogenetically useful palynological information to support taxonomic studies. Variation in pollen grain size and aperture features is used to delimit pollen types, which corroborate molecular and biogeographical data. Multivariate analysis reinforced the pollen type subdivisions and revealed novel diagnostic morphological features for two infrageneric taxa of Amicia. Our pollen results provide informative pollen characters to assist in the delimitation of Amicia species, which can be easily misidentified due to similarities in vegetative structures. Amicia pollen morphology reflects population isolation and divergence of Amicia lineages and provides critical features for future phylogenetic optimisation of the Adesmia clade.
Secretory system in Cuphea calophylla (Lythraceae): the bi-compartmentalization of epidermal cells, reclassification of glandular appendages, and the first report of hydathodes
(2022-10-01) Seixas, Diana Pacheco [UNESP]; Rodrigues, Tatiane Maria [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Cuphea calophylla Cham. & Schltdl. is a Lythraceae subshrub that occurs in different environmental conditions. The aerial portions of this plant have medicinal properties and are used for soap production. We assessed the structure, ultrastructure, and histochemistry of the secretory cells and tissues in C. calophylla leaves and stems to further understand its secretory sys-tem. Hydathodes with epithem, tracheary elements, and water pores occur at the leaf border and are here described for the first time for a Cuphea species. Glandular appendages occur in leaves and stems and are characterized by a wide basis and a narrower apical portion that exuded sticky material. Ontogenetical analysis showed that these appendages are glandular emergences; phenolic compounds, mucilage, and lipids were produced in their cells which exhibited Golgi bodies, vesicles, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, oil drops, and plastids. The epidermis of the leaf blade has bi-compartmentalized secretory cells divided by a cellulosic septum in their equatorial region. These cells contain phenolic compounds in the upper compartment and mucilage in the lower compartment. Our results shed light on the sites producing bioactive compounds in C. calophylla and expand the knowledge on the secretory system in Lythraceae, promoting a reclassification and an identification of new structures.
IMPROVING CONTROL STRATEGIES OF INFECTIONS BY RESISTANT PATHOGENS IN a HOSPITAL NETWORK
(World Scientific Publ Co Pte Ltd, 2023-05-06) Vilches, Thomas Nogueira; Almeida, Gabriel Berg de [UNESP]; Fortaleza, Carlos Magno Castelo Branco [UNESP]; Ferreira, Claudia Pio [UNESP]; York Univ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
The efficacy of infection prevention and control on several hospital networks is assessed. We tested two kinds of strategy, a network-topology-based allocation and a R-0-based allocation, where R0 is the basic reproduction number of the infection. For this, a multi-patch deterministic model simulates the spread of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in several theoretical hospital networks parametrized by data from Brazil. Our results show that: (i) the allocation methods based on the R-0 of the hospitals may work better than the network-topology-based allocations; (ii) results from control efficacy for a specific hospital network cannot be generalized to other types of networks. Putting together the global network topology with local factors that drive pathogens transmission, the R-0-based allocation method seems to be enough to control of healthcare-associated infections. Overall, the obtained results emphasize the importance of data collection on infection transmission and patient transfers.
Vocal Folds Leukoplakia: The Efficacy of Vitamin a in the Initial Treatment
(Georg Thieme Verlag Kg, 2022-11-10) Botini, Dayane Silvestre [UNESP]; Rodrigues, Sergio Augusto [UNESP]; Castilho, Gustavo Leao [UNESP]; Mercuri, Gustavo [UNESP]; Martins, Regina Helena Garcia [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Introduction Laryngeal leukoplakia corresponds to a white lesion in the mucosa developed by the deposit of keratin in the epithelium, potentiated by chronic smoking. It is considered a preneoplastic lesion. Surgery is the most adopted treatment; however, non-surgical treatment is advocated by some authors. Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of vitamin A in the management of vocal fold leukoplakia. Methods Patients with videolaryngoscopy diagnosis of vocal fold leukoplakia were selected. The endoscopic images were photographed and with the aid of the ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA), the proportion of the size of the leukoplakia was calculated. Eligible patients were prescribed 50,000U of vitamin A, twice daily for 2 months, at which point videolaryngostroboscopy was repeated for comparative analysis between pre and posttreatment. The efficacy of the treatment was classified as: outcome I - complete improvement of the lesion, outcome II - partial improvement, and outcome III - no difference or increased lesion size. Results Fifteen patients (eight women, seven men) were included, six of whom had bilateral lesions. Smoking was reported in 86.8% of patients. Complete improvement of the lesion was found in 7 cases (33.4%, outcome I), partial improvement in 6 (28.6%, outcome II), and worsening of the injury in 8 (38.1%, outcome III). Of the latter, 6 underwent microsurgery; histopathology indicated absence of dysplasia in 3, and mild dysplasia in 3. Conclusions In this study, the treatment with vitamin A at a dose of 100,000IU daily for 2 months was effective in reducing the laryngeal leukoplakia size in 62% of cases.
Foliar Application of Salicylic Acid to Mitigate Water Stress in Tomato
(2022-07-01) Aires, Eduardo Santana [UNESP]; Ferraz, Andrew Kim Lopes [UNESP]; Carvalho, Beatriz Lívero [UNESP]; Teixeira, Fabricio Palla [UNESP]; Putti, Fernando Ferrari [UNESP]; de Souza, Emanuele Possas [UNESP]; Rodrigues, João Domingos [UNESP]; Ono, Elizabeth Orika [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Salicylic acid (SA) is an important plant regulator reported as a mitigator of water deficit in plants, however without a recommendation for use in field conditions. Thus, this research aims to validate the use of SA under field conditions in regions with low water availability. For that, we evaluated CO2 assimilation (A), stomatal conductance (gs ), transpiration (E), water use efficiency (WUE), and carboxylation efficiency (A/Ci) at 15, 30, and 45 days of continuous stress water deficit, as well as the application of salicylic acid (0.0; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0 mM) in tomato plants subjected to continuous water deficit (45 days), in two years (2019 and 2020). The water deficit reduced the A, gs, E and A/Ci, while the foliar application of SA increased these parameters in all evaluated times, resulting in similar or even higher values than in plants without water deficit. Water deficit caused floral abortion in tomato plants, without the application of SA, reducing the number of fruit production. In contrast, plants that received about 1.3 mM of SA increased A and A/Ci and translocated the photo-assimilates, mainly to flowers and fruits, reducing floral abortion and increasing fruit production. Thus, foliar application of SA was efficient in mitigating the deleterious effects of water deficit in tomato plants regarding the gas exchange and fruit production.
Assessment of the Physiological Response and Productive Performance of Vegetable vs. Conventional Soybean Cultivars for Edamame Production
(2022-06-01) Ribera, Laura Matos [UNESP]; Aires, Eduardo Santana [UNESP]; Neves, Caio Scardini [UNESP]; Fernandes, Gustavo Do Carmo [UNESP]; Bonfim, Filipe Pereira Giardini [UNESP]; Rockenbach, Roanita Iara; Rodrigues, João Domingos [UNESP]; Ono, Elizabeth Orika [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Mato Grosso do Sul State University
Because there is a close relationship between plant physiological response and crop performance, the current study aims to evaluate the photosynthetic efficiency and productive performance of vegetable versus conventional soybean cultivars for edamame production. The study was conducted at the School of Agriculture (FCA UNESP), Botucatu-SP, Brazil. The treatments in this study included soybean cultivars: vegetable-type BRS 267, vegetable-type BRSMG 790A), and type soybean cultivar grain 58HO124 EP RR, with ten repetitions per treatment in a completely randomized block design. Gas exchange and the response of the cultivars to light were evaluated for photosynthetic characterization. The first pod insertion height, plant height, number of pods per plant, and production in immature grains were all assessed for cultivar productive performance. The type of soybean cultivar grain and vegetable types of soybean showed different behaviors on physiology and yield. The vegetable-types BRS 267 and BRSMG 790A had the highest average for first pod insertion height. The vegetable type BRS 267, whose photoassimilates were designated for vegetative development, had the greatest average plant height. The conventional type 58HO124 EP RR showed greater assimilation of CO2; however, the photoassimilates were directed to floral emission because such features are inherent in its ability. Finally, vegetable-type BRSMG 790A produced the most immature grains per plant while also having the greatest first pod insertion height, being the best in converting photoassimilates for edamame production.
Phenological data of a Neotropical savanna community
(2022-12-01) Valentin-Silva, Adriano [UNESP]; Alves, Vinícius Nunes [UNESP]; Tunes, Priscila [UNESP]; Bessão de Assis, Geissianny; Guimarães, Elza [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS)
Savanna plant species commonly have different adaptive mechanisms in response to fire. In this biome, phenology is a functional trait characterizing the responses of plant communities to fire. The database presented here provides phenological data on 95 angiosperm species, in plots with natural vegetation and/or in burned plots. We used 10 plots (5 × 5 m) installed in “campo cerrado” physiognomy, in the Santa Bárbara Ecological Station, located in the municipality of Águas de Santa Bárbara, São Paulo state, southeastern Brazil. Half of these plots was burned in Aug/2013 and the other half was kept intact as a control. For one year (Sep/2013 to Aug/2014), we collected monthly data on the presence of sprouting (new branches or new unexpanded leaves), flowers (flower buds and flowers at anthesis) and fruits (immature and mature) in all angiosperm individuals present in the plots. This phenological data can support other studies on these sampled species, involving different aspects of their ecology, and on the conservation of this type of vegetation and management plans in relation to the prescription of fire.
Towards sustainable North American wood product value chains, part 2: computer vision identification of ring-porous hardwoods
(2022-01-01) Ravindran, Prabu; Wade, Adam C.; Owens, Frank C.; Shmulsky, Rubin; Wiedenhoeft, Alex C. [UNESP]; University of Wisconsin-Madison; USDA Forest Service Products Laboratory; Mississippi State University; Purdue University; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Wood identification is vitally important for ensuring the legality of North American hardwood value chains. Computer vision wood identification (CVWID) systems can identify wood without necessitating costly and time-consuming off-site visual inspections by highly trained wood anatomists. Previous work by Ravindran and colleagues presented macroscopic CVWID models for identification of North American diffuse porous hardwoods from 22 wood anatomically informed classes using the open-source XyloTron platform. This manuscript expands on that work by training and evaluating complementary 17-class XyloTron CVWID models for the identification of North American ring porous hardwoods ——woods that display spatial heterogeneity in earlywood and latewood pore size and distribution and other radial growth-rate-related features. Deep-learning models trained using 4045 images from 452 ring-porous wood specimens from four xylaria demonstrated 98% five-fold cross-validation accuracy. A field model trained on all the training data and subsequently tested on 198 specimens drawn from two additional xylaria achieved top-1 and top-2 predictions of 91.4% and 100%, respectively, and images devoid of earlywood, latewood, or broad rays did not greatly reduce the prediction accuracy. This study advocates for continued cooperation between wood anatomy and machine-learning experts for implementing and evaluating field-operational CVWID systems.
Caveat emptor: On the Need for Baseline Quality Standards in Computer Vision Wood Identification
(2022-04-01) Ravindran, Prabu; Wiedenhoeft, Alex C. [UNESP]; University of Wisconsin; Forest Products Laboratory; Purdue University; Mississippi State University; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Computer vision wood identification (CVWID) has focused on laboratory studies reporting consistently high model accuracies with greatly varying input data quality, data hygiene, and wood identification expertise. Employing examples from published literature, we demonstrate that the highly optimistic model performance in prior works may be attributed to evaluating the wrong functionality—wood specimen identification rather than the desired wood species or genus identification—using limited datasets with data hygiene practices that violate the requirement of clear separation between training and evaluation data. Given the lack of a rigorous framework for a valid methodology and its objective evaluation, we present a set of minimal baseline quality standards for performing and reporting CVWID research and development that can enable valid, objective, and fair evaluation of current and future developments in this rapidly developing field. To elucidate the quality standards, we present a critical revisitation of a prior CVWID study of North American ring-porous woods and an exemplar study incorporating best practices on a new dataset covering the same set of woods. The proposed baseline quality standards can help translate models with high in silico performance to field-operational CVWID systems and allow stakeholders in research, industry, and government to make informed, evidence‐based modality‐agnostic decisions.
Effects of the plant growth regulators, cobalt and molybdenum on the physiology of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapevines
(2022-06-01) Baron, Amanda Cristina Esteves Amaro [UNESP]; Baron, Daniel; Souza, Essione Ribeiro [UNESP]; Moreira, Laíse Sousa; Ono, Elizabeth Orika [UNESP]; Rodrigues, João Domingos [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar); Universidade Do Estado da Bahia (UNEB)
Hormonal balance is important for plant metabolism and, consequently, berry development of grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.). Exogenous application of plant growth regulators (PGRs) combined with mineral elements, in satisfactory dosages, can promotes physiologic efficiency. We investigated the effect of foliar application of PGRs alone or combined with mineral elements on 'Crimson Seedless’ grapevines. The metabolism and development of the plants were examined. The treatments were applied via foliar spraying consisting in a PGRs mixture [cytokinin (kinetin—Kt), auxin [4-Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA)], and gibberellin (gibberellic acid—GA3)] and a cobalt (Co) and molybdenum (Mo) mixture were studied. The PGRs and nutrients combined acted as protectors against stress, presenting increases in antioxidant enzyme activities but with a low level of lipid peroxidation. We concluded that the mixture of PGR applied alone or combined with mineral elements favoured content of photosynthetic pigments in the grapevines leaves, antioxidant enzyme activity, translocation and accumulation of reserves.
Organellar microcapture to extract nuclear and plastid DNA from recalcitrant wood specimens and trace evidence
(2022-12-01) Costa, Adriana; Giraldo, Giovanny; Bishell, Amy; He, Tuo; Kirker, Grant; Wiedenhoeft, Alex C. [UNESP]; Mississippi State University; University of Wisconsin; Forest Products Laboratory; Chinese Academy of Forestry; Purdue University; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Background: Illegal logging is a global crisis with significant environmental, economic, and social consequences. Efforts to combat it call for forensic methods to determine species identity, provenance, and individual identification of wood specimens throughout the forest products supply chain. DNA-based methodologies are the only tools with the potential to answer all three questions and the only ones that can be calibrated “non-destructively” by using leaves or other plant tissue and take advantage of publicly available DNA sequence databases. Despite the potential that DNA-based methods represent for wood forensics, low DNA yield from wood remains a limiting factor because, when compared to other plant tissues, wood has few living DNA-containing cells at functional maturity, it often has PCR-inhibiting extractives, and industrial processing of wood degrades DNA. To overcome these limitations, we developed a technique—organellar microcapture—to mechanically isolate intact nuclei and plastids from wood for subsequent DNA extraction, amplification, and sequencing. Results: Here we demonstrate organellar microcapture wherein we remove individual nuclei from parenchyma cells in wood (fresh and aged) and leaves of Carya ovata and Tilia americana, amyloplasts from Carya wood, and chloroplasts from kale (Brassica sp.) leaf midribs. ITS (773 bp), ITS1 (350 bp), ITS2 (450 bp), and rbcL (620 bp) were amplified via polymerase chain reaction, sequenced, and heuristic searches against the NCBI database were used to confirm that recovered DNA corresponded to each taxon. Conclusion: Organellar microcapture, while too labor-intensive for routine extraction of many specimens, successfully recovered intact nuclei from wood samples collected more than sixty-five years ago, plastids from fresh sapwood and leaves, and presents great potential for DNA extraction from recalcitrant plant samples such as tissues rich in secondary metabolites, old specimens (archaeological, herbarium, and xylarium specimens), or trace evidence previously considered too small for analysis.

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