Efeito de variáveis ambientais e perturbações antrópicas sobre o comportamento animal
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Data
2018-12-10
Autores
Mendes, Calebe Pereira [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O comportamento de uma determinada espécies define a forma e intensidade das interações desta para com o ambiente, com muitas espécies ajustando suas estratégias comportamentais de acordo com o contexto físico e biológico ao seu redor. No entanto, o processo de tomada de decisões, intrínseco a qualquer sistema comportamental, requer que o organismo possua a capacidade de obter, interpretar e processar informações úteis. Devido à grande magnitude e novidade evolutiva dos distúrbios antrópicos, estes são capazes de interferir no processo cognitivo das espécies, interferindo na percepção e avaliação das informações necessárias para a tomada de decisões eficientes, e dessa forma, gerando comportamentos não adaptativos, aumento de mortalidade e interferências nas interações ecológicas das espécies. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a ocorrência de plasticidade comportamental, em diversas espécies modelo, em resposta a fatores ambientais e atividades antrópicas. Foram realizados dois capítulos experimentais e um capitulo de revisão. O primeiro capitulo foi desenvolvido no Arizona, E.U.A., e avaliou o volume de alimentos estocados pelo esquilo-vermelho-de-Graham Tamiasciurus fremonti grahamensis em resposta a variáveis climáticas, de relevo e vegetação. Foi observado que apenas as fêmeas responderam a variações no relevo e vegetação, mas não a variáveis climáticas, enquanto os machos não responderam a nenhuma variável testada. O segundo capítulo, desenvolvido em São Paulo, Brasil, avaliou o efeito de perturbações antrópicas variadas sobre a atividade circadiana de 17 espécies de mamíferos florestais. Foi observado que 7 espécies responderam a perturbação antrópica, se tornando em média 20% mais noturnas em áreas perturbadas. Tanto espécies diurnas quanto noturnas se tornaram mais noturnas em resposta a perturbações, sendo que espécies caçadas e perseguidas se tornaram mais noturnas do que espécies não caçadas. O terceiro capitulo foi planejado como uma comparação entre o esquilo-vermelho-de-Graham e um esquilo brasileiro, o Guerlinguetus brasiliensis, no entanto, devido à escassez de informações da história natural da segunda espécie, decidiu-se por mapear o atual estado da informação disponível sobre a ecologia de esquilos neotropicais. Assim, foram encontradas 155 publicações, de 15 países, com dados de ecologia para 20 espécies de esquilos que interagiram com 351 outras espécies. Foi observado que esquilos neotropicais tendem a apresentar maiores densidades populacionais em florestas fragmentadas. Também identificamos diversas partes da história natural do táxon que são virtualmente desconhecidas, como por exemplo, a composição da dieta de esquilos dos gêneros Sciurillus e Microsciurus.
The behavior of a given species defines the style and intensity of its interactions with the environment, with several species adjusting their behavioral strategies in response to the physical and biological circumstances. However, the decision-making process, intrinsic of any behavioral system, requires the organism to is able of obtain, interpret and process useful information. Due to the large scale and evolutive novelty of the anthropic disturbances, they are able to interfere in the cognitive processes of the species, disrupting the perception and evaluation of the information needed to efficient decision-making, and therefore, cause nonadaptative behaviors, increase in mortality and effects on species ecological interactions. This way, the objective of this study is to evaluate the occurrence of behavioral plasticity, in several model species, in response to environmental factors and anthropic activities. Two experimental chapters and one literature revision was performed. The first chapter was developed in Arizona, U.S.A., and evaluate the amount of food cached by the Mt. Graham red squirrel Tamiasciurus fremonti grahamensis in response to variables of climate, relief and vegetation. It was found that only the females did respond to relief and variations in relief and vegetation, but not climate, while males did not respond to any examined variable. The second chapter, developed in São Paulo, Brazil, evaluate the effect of general anthropic disturbances on dial activity of 17 forest dwelling mammal species. We detected 7 species becoming more nocturnal in response to anthropic disturbance, with a mean nocturnality increase of 20% in disturbed areas. Both diurnal and nocturnal species become more nocturnal, whereas the poached and persecuted species become more nocturnal than nonpoached species. The third chapter was designed as a comparison between the Mt. Graham red squirrel and a Brazilian squirrel, the Guerlinguetus brasiliensis, however, due to the scarcity of natural history information, we decided to map the actual state of knowledge availability about neotropical squirrels. This way, we found 155 publications, from 15 countries, with ecological data for 20 squirrel species, which interacted with 352 other species. We recorded an increase of squirrel population densities in fragmented forests. We also identified several areas of the taxa natural history which are virtually unknown, such the composition of diet of the Sciurillus and Microsciurus genera.
The behavior of a given species defines the style and intensity of its interactions with the environment, with several species adjusting their behavioral strategies in response to the physical and biological circumstances. However, the decision-making process, intrinsic of any behavioral system, requires the organism to is able of obtain, interpret and process useful information. Due to the large scale and evolutive novelty of the anthropic disturbances, they are able to interfere in the cognitive processes of the species, disrupting the perception and evaluation of the information needed to efficient decision-making, and therefore, cause nonadaptative behaviors, increase in mortality and effects on species ecological interactions. This way, the objective of this study is to evaluate the occurrence of behavioral plasticity, in several model species, in response to environmental factors and anthropic activities. Two experimental chapters and one literature revision was performed. The first chapter was developed in Arizona, U.S.A., and evaluate the amount of food cached by the Mt. Graham red squirrel Tamiasciurus fremonti grahamensis in response to variables of climate, relief and vegetation. It was found that only the females did respond to relief and variations in relief and vegetation, but not climate, while males did not respond to any examined variable. The second chapter, developed in São Paulo, Brazil, evaluate the effect of general anthropic disturbances on dial activity of 17 forest dwelling mammal species. We detected 7 species becoming more nocturnal in response to anthropic disturbance, with a mean nocturnality increase of 20% in disturbed areas. Both diurnal and nocturnal species become more nocturnal, whereas the poached and persecuted species become more nocturnal than nonpoached species. The third chapter was designed as a comparison between the Mt. Graham red squirrel and a Brazilian squirrel, the Guerlinguetus brasiliensis, however, due to the scarcity of natural history information, we decided to map the actual state of knowledge availability about neotropical squirrels. This way, we found 155 publications, from 15 countries, with ecological data for 20 squirrel species, which interacted with 352 other species. We recorded an increase of squirrel population densities in fragmented forests. We also identified several areas of the taxa natural history which are virtually unknown, such the composition of diet of the Sciurillus and Microsciurus genera.
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Palavras-chave
Zoologia, Comportamento animal, Ecologia, Conservação, Mamíferos, Zoology, Animal behavior, Ecology, Conservation, Mammals