Desenvolvimento territorial e alimentação escolar: estudo comparativo do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) em Dracena e Regente Feijó (SP)
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Data
2018-12-10
Autores
Colnago, Ellen Tamires Pedriali [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A pesquisa tem como objetivo principal compreender o funcionamento e a gestão do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) nos municípios de Dracena e Regente Feijó, localizados no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, a partir de um estudo comparativo que identifica a constituição dos arranjos institucionais necessários para a sua execução. Para alcançar o objetivo proposto foram adotados como procedimentos metodológicos: revisão bibliográfica, coleta de dados em fontes secundárias e trabalhos de campo nos municípios selecionados, com a realização de entrevistas com atores e sujeitos sociais fundamentais para a formação dos arranjos institucionais. O PNAE, a partir de 2009, com a promulgação da Lei nº 11.947, estabeleceu que, no mínimo, 30% dos recursos repassados pelo Fundo Nacional de Desenvolvimento da Educação (FNDE) aos municípios, estados e Distrito Federal, deveriam ser utilizados para a aquisição de produtos da agricultura familiar. Com a promulgação dessa lei, se criou um mercado institucional para os produtos dos agricultores familiares, o que trouxe do ponto de vista da execução do PNAE na escala municipal, a necessidade de articulação dos atores sociais para implementá-lo de modo a se alcançar os 30% exigidos. As transformações no programa, também sofreram influências da abordagem do desenvolvimento territorial, que preza pela a integração entre campo e cidade, e valoriza as relações políticas, econômicas, sociais e institucionais capazes de gerar mudanças socioeconômicas, através da execução de políticas públicas, como o PNAE. Dos resultados obtidos com a pesquisa, podemos assinalar que a atuação dos membros dos Escritórios de Desenvolvimento Rural (EDRs) de Dracena e Presidente Prudente e agrônomos das Casas da Agricultura, de cada município selecionado, foram de extrema importância para incentivar a participação dos agricultores familiares no programa por meio de organização coletiva formal, no caso do município de Dracena, e da constituição de um grupo informal em Regente Feijó. A nutricionista em Dracena e a atuação dos membros da Cozinha Piloto em Regente Feijó também foram importantes para incorporar os produtos da agricultura familiar na alimentação escolar, do mesmo modo que, em cada município, temos a atuação do Conselho de Alimentação Escolar (CAE), trabalhando na prestação de contas e fiscalização das escolas no primeiro município e, apenas, na prestação de contas na segunda localidade. A participação dos agricultores familiares por meio da cooperativa em Dracena no PNAE permite que eles entreguem produtos in natura, processados como o leite pasteurizado e polpas de frutas, situação oposta a que ocorre em Regente Feijó, onde os produtores entregam somente de forma in natura. Constatou-se que para os agricultores familiares participantes do PNAE em Dracena e Regente Feijó, o programa tem gerado resultados em termos de garantia de comercialização e renda. Isso demonstra que a constituição dos arranjos institucionais em cada município pesquisado tem possibilitado que o programa garanta efeitos positivos, em termos de sua operacionalização na escala municipal, valorizando a compra de gêneros alimentícios da agricultura familiar.
The main objective of this research is to understand the operation and management of the National School Feeding Program (PNAE) in Dracena and Regente Feijó, both cities located in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, based on a comparative study that identifies the constitution of the institutional arrangements necessary for its implementation. In order to reach the proposed objective, methodological procedures were adopted: bibliographic review, data collection in secondary sources and fieldwork in selected municipalities, with interviews with actors and social subjects fundamental to the formation of institutional arrangements. PNAE, since 2009, with the promulgation of Law No. 11.947, established that at least 30% of the resources transferred by the National Education Development Fund (FNDE) to the municipalities, states and Federal District should be used for the acquisition of family farming products. With the enactment of this law, an institutional market was created for the products of family farmers, which brought from the point of view of the implementation of the PNAE in the municipal scale, the need of articulation of the social actors to implement it in order to reach the 30% required. The transformations in the program have also been influenced by the territorial development approach, which emphasizes the integration between the countryside and the city, and values political, economic, social and institutional relations capable of generating socioeconomic changes through the implementation of public policies, such as PNAE. From the results obtained by the research, we can point out that the work of the members of the Rural Development Offices (EDRs) of Dracena and Presidente Prudente, and agronomists of the Places of the Agriculture of each selected municipality were extremely important to encourage the participation of family farmers in the program through a formal collective organization, in the case of Dracena city, and the establishment of an informal group in Regente Feijó city. The nutritionist in Dracena and the activities of the members of the Support Kitchen in Regente Feijó were also important to incorporate the products of family agriculture in school feeding, as well as in each municipality we have the activity of the School Feeding Council (CAE) working in the accountability and supervision of schools in the first municipality and only in the submission of accountability in the second city. The participation of family farmers through the cooperative in Dracena in the PNAE allows them to deliver fresh products as well as the processed ones, such as pasteurized milk and fruit pulps, a situation opposite to what happens in Regente Feijó, where producers deliver only in fresh products. It was verified that for the family farmers participating in the PNAE in Dracena and Regente Feijó, the program has generated results in terms of guarantee of commercialization and income. This demonstrates that the constitution of institutional arrangements in each municipality has enabled the program to ensure positive effects in terms of its operation at the municipal level, valuing the purchase of foodstuffs from family agriculture.
The main objective of this research is to understand the operation and management of the National School Feeding Program (PNAE) in Dracena and Regente Feijó, both cities located in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, based on a comparative study that identifies the constitution of the institutional arrangements necessary for its implementation. In order to reach the proposed objective, methodological procedures were adopted: bibliographic review, data collection in secondary sources and fieldwork in selected municipalities, with interviews with actors and social subjects fundamental to the formation of institutional arrangements. PNAE, since 2009, with the promulgation of Law No. 11.947, established that at least 30% of the resources transferred by the National Education Development Fund (FNDE) to the municipalities, states and Federal District should be used for the acquisition of family farming products. With the enactment of this law, an institutional market was created for the products of family farmers, which brought from the point of view of the implementation of the PNAE in the municipal scale, the need of articulation of the social actors to implement it in order to reach the 30% required. The transformations in the program have also been influenced by the territorial development approach, which emphasizes the integration between the countryside and the city, and values political, economic, social and institutional relations capable of generating socioeconomic changes through the implementation of public policies, such as PNAE. From the results obtained by the research, we can point out that the work of the members of the Rural Development Offices (EDRs) of Dracena and Presidente Prudente, and agronomists of the Places of the Agriculture of each selected municipality were extremely important to encourage the participation of family farmers in the program through a formal collective organization, in the case of Dracena city, and the establishment of an informal group in Regente Feijó city. The nutritionist in Dracena and the activities of the members of the Support Kitchen in Regente Feijó were also important to incorporate the products of family agriculture in school feeding, as well as in each municipality we have the activity of the School Feeding Council (CAE) working in the accountability and supervision of schools in the first municipality and only in the submission of accountability in the second city. The participation of family farmers through the cooperative in Dracena in the PNAE allows them to deliver fresh products as well as the processed ones, such as pasteurized milk and fruit pulps, a situation opposite to what happens in Regente Feijó, where producers deliver only in fresh products. It was verified that for the family farmers participating in the PNAE in Dracena and Regente Feijó, the program has generated results in terms of guarantee of commercialization and income. This demonstrates that the constitution of institutional arrangements in each municipality has enabled the program to ensure positive effects in terms of its operation at the municipal level, valuing the purchase of foodstuffs from family agriculture.
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Palavras-chave
PNAE, Desenvolvimento territorial, Arranjos institucionais, Alimentação escolar, Agricultura familiar, Territorial development, Institutional arrangements, School feeding, Family farming