Quantificação de fluoreto ingerido pela dieta utilizando questionário de frequência alimentar e concentração de fluoreto nas unhas em crianças de 1 a 3 anos de idade
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Data
2018-12-05
Autores
Salama, Isabel Cristina Cabral de Assis [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Objetivo: Avaliar a ingestão de fluoreto (F) por crianças de 1 a 3 anos de idade pela dieta e a concentração de F nas unhas. Método: Crianças (n=202) de 12 meses de idade, participantes de um programa preventivo para bebês, tiveram a ingestão de F monitorada por meio da aplicação de um Questionário de Frequência Alimentar semi-quantitativo (QFA), composto por 70 itens, divididos em 9 grupos de alimentos frequentemente encontrados na dieta de crianças nesta faixa etária. O QFA foi aplicado durante 2 anos, a cada 3 meses, juntamente com a coleta das unhas e de água usada para beber ou preparar comida. A concentração de F da dieta, nas unhas e na água foi determinada com eletrodo íon-específico, após microdifusão facilitada por hexametil-disiloxano ou pelo método direto. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância a dois critérios, seguida pelo teste de comparação múltipla de Student-Newman-Keuls , bem como coeficiente de correlação de Sperman(p<0,05). Resultados: A média da ingestão de F pela dieta e água aumentou significativamente dos 12 aos 24 meses (0,015 mg F/Kg/dia e 0,09 mg F/Kg/dia) (p<0,05) declinando após 27 meses (0,011 mg F/Kg/dia e 0,05 mg F/Kg/dia) (p<0,05). Aos 36 meses um pico foi observado na ingestão de F pela dieta (0,013mg F /Kg/dia) (p<0,05). Houve crescente aumento nos níveis de F nas unhas dos pés e mãos, com diferença significativa em alguns períodos de estudo (18 à 27 meses, p<0,05), sendo que maiores concentrações de F foram vistas nas unhas das mãos em relação aos pés (3,7 µg F/g; 3,4 µg F/g, respectivamente p<0,05). Entre a estimativa de ingestão de fluoreto em função do peso da criança (mg F/kg/dia) e o fluoreto nas unhas da mão (Sperman’s r = -0,024; p=0,396) ou unhas do pé (Sperman’s r = -0,002; p=0,957), nenhuma correlação foi observada. Conclusão: A ingestão de fluoreto por meio da dieta em crianças de 1 a 3 anos de idade ficou dentro de limites considerados como seguros e o QFA parece ser uma boa ferramenta para estimar a ingestão de fluoreto de crianças.. Pequenas variações na ingestão diária de F pela dieta foram detectadas nas unhas ao longo dos períodos de estudo (após 30 a 60 dias).
Objective: To evaluate fluoride (F) intake by 1-3 year-old children from the diet, as well as F concentrations in fingernails and toenails. Methods: Children (n=202) 12 months old, participants in a preventive program for infants, had their F ingestion monitored by means of the application of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), composed of 70 items, divided into 9 groups of foodstuff. The FFQ was applied during 2 years, every 3 months, along with the collection of nails and water samples used for drinking and food preparation. The concentration of F in the diet, nails, and water was determined with an ion-specific electrode, after hexamethyldisiloxane-facilitated microdiffusion or by the direct method. The data obtained were submitted to the 2-way analysis of variance criteria followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls, and by Spearman correlation coefficient (p<0.05). Results: The average ingestion of F by diet and water was significantly higher from 12 to 24 months (0.015 mg F/Kg/day and 0.09 mg F/Kg/day) (p<0.05), decreasing after 27 months (0.011 mg F/Kg/day and 0.05 mg F/Kg/day) (p<0.05). At 36 months, a peak of F ingestion from the diet (0.013mg F /Kg/day) (p<0.05) was observed. There was a continuous increase in F levels in finger- and toenails, with a significant difference in some periods of the study (18 to 27 months, p<0.05); higher F concentrations were observed for fingernails over toenails (3.7 μg F/g; 3.4 μg F/g, respectively, p<0.05). No significant correlation was observed between the estimate of ingestion of fluoride related to the weight of the child (mg F/kg/day) and the fluoride in fingernails (Spearman‟s r = -0.024; p=0.396) or toenails (Spearman‟s r = -0.002; p=0.957). Conclusion: The ingestion of fluoride from the diet in 1-3 year-old children was shown to fall within safe limits, and the FFQ appears to be a satisfactory tool to estimate the ingestion of fluoride. Small variations of daily ingestion of F by diet were detected in the nails through the periods in the study (after 30 to 60 days)
Objective: To evaluate fluoride (F) intake by 1-3 year-old children from the diet, as well as F concentrations in fingernails and toenails. Methods: Children (n=202) 12 months old, participants in a preventive program for infants, had their F ingestion monitored by means of the application of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), composed of 70 items, divided into 9 groups of foodstuff. The FFQ was applied during 2 years, every 3 months, along with the collection of nails and water samples used for drinking and food preparation. The concentration of F in the diet, nails, and water was determined with an ion-specific electrode, after hexamethyldisiloxane-facilitated microdiffusion or by the direct method. The data obtained were submitted to the 2-way analysis of variance criteria followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls, and by Spearman correlation coefficient (p<0.05). Results: The average ingestion of F by diet and water was significantly higher from 12 to 24 months (0.015 mg F/Kg/day and 0.09 mg F/Kg/day) (p<0.05), decreasing after 27 months (0.011 mg F/Kg/day and 0.05 mg F/Kg/day) (p<0.05). At 36 months, a peak of F ingestion from the diet (0.013mg F /Kg/day) (p<0.05) was observed. There was a continuous increase in F levels in finger- and toenails, with a significant difference in some periods of the study (18 to 27 months, p<0.05); higher F concentrations were observed for fingernails over toenails (3.7 μg F/g; 3.4 μg F/g, respectively, p<0.05). No significant correlation was observed between the estimate of ingestion of fluoride related to the weight of the child (mg F/kg/day) and the fluoride in fingernails (Spearman‟s r = -0.024; p=0.396) or toenails (Spearman‟s r = -0.002; p=0.957). Conclusion: The ingestion of fluoride from the diet in 1-3 year-old children was shown to fall within safe limits, and the FFQ appears to be a satisfactory tool to estimate the ingestion of fluoride. Small variations of daily ingestion of F by diet were detected in the nails through the periods in the study (after 30 to 60 days)
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Palavras-chave
Unhas, Criança, Dieta, Fluoretos, Fluoride