Efeito do treinamento pliométrico convencional vs mini trampolim sobre variáveis biomecânicas em jogadores de basquete
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Data
2019-02-27
Autores
Villalba, Marina Mello [UNESP]
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A percepção articular, o equilíbrio, as propriedades neuromusculares utilizadas na aquisição de força e condicionamento físico tem sido parte integrante e obrigatória no treinamento de atletas e para o desenvolvimento destas qualidades a pliometria tem se mostrado eficaz (ARAZI, ASADI, 2011). O treinamento pliométrico é um treino especializado, de alta intensidade que permite que os músculos gerem o máximo de força possível no mais curto período (ARAZI, COETZEE, ASADI, 2012), através do ciclo alongamento-encurtamento (CAE). Portanto, a pliometria é utilizada a fim de melhorar a força e o condicionamento e facilitar a especificidade do desempenho esportivo (DAVIES, RIEMANN, MANSKE, 2015). Atualmente, as investigações sobre o efeito do treinamento pliométrico (TP) enfatizaram a prevenção de lesões, como a do ligamento cruzado anterior (MYER et al., 2006). Acredita-se que o motivo para o treinamento pliométrico melhorar também o desempenho funcional, está relacionado com o efeito combinado da força e aumento de velocidade, que gera uma maior produção de energia. Exercícios em mini trampolim podem precisar de vários fatores físicos, incluindo força, estabilidade corporal, respostas musculares coordenadas e amplitudes de movimento (ARAGÃO et al., 2011; HEITKAMP et al., 2001), sendo assim, o treinamento em mini trampolim pode afetar positivamente os membros inferiores (AALIZADEH et al., 2016). Desta forma o objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os efeitos do treinamento pliométrico convencional em relação ao treinamento pliométrico em mini trampolins nas variáveis biomecânicas, em jogadores de basquete. Participaram do estudo 36 atletas de basquetebol, com idades entre 17 e 21 anos, todos do sexo masculino. O estudo foi dividido em dois experimentos. O primeiro consistiu em avaliações após uma sessão de treinamento pliométrico, sendo avaliado testes de equilíbrio e saltos imediatamente após, 15 minutos e 30 minutos após o treinamento. O experimento 2, caracterizou-se por um treinamento pliométrico de seis semanas, onde foram realizados testes de força, equilíbrio e salto pré e pós período de treinamento. Também foi avaliada a atividade eletromiográfica dos músculos reto femoral, vastos medial e lateral. Os atletas foram divididos em três grupos (treinamento no mini trampolim, treinamento no solo e controle). Na análise estatística, foram realizados testes de normalidade de Shapiro-Wilk e de homocedasticidade de Levene a fim de verificar o atendimento dos pressupostos para testes paramétricos. Em seguida, foi utilizado o ANOVA 2-Way de medidas repetidas com post-hoc de Bonferroni quando necessário, a fim de verificar no experimento 1, a diferença do efeito do treinamento imediatamente após, após 15 minutos e após 30 minutos do treinamento pliométrico nas variáveis de equilíbrio e saltos em jogadores de basquete. E no experimento 2, a diferença entre os grupos treinamento e controle após 6 semanas de treino pliométrico. Caso alguma variável não atendesse as exigências de distribuição normal e/ou variâncias homogêneas, as mesmas foram submetidas a testes não paramétricos. Foi adotado o nível de significância de α < 0.05 para cada comparação. Em relação ao experimento 1, uma sessão de TP pôde gerar déficit nas variáveis de equilíbrio do teste de olhos abertos imediatamente após a sessão de TP, por outro lado, não afetou a altura do salto, FRS e pico de torque em atletas de basquete. Foi observado que após 15 e 30 minutos do TP, os valores dos resultados do equilíbrio de olhos abertos tendem a retornar próximos aos valores iniciais (pré-teste). Entretanto, nos resultados das variáveis do equilíbrio no teste de olhos fechados, pôde-se perceber que há uma melhora no desempenho do equilíbrio principalmente nos momentos imediatamente pós treino e após 30 minutos. Já em relação ao experimento 2, verificou-se que o grupo TPS apresentou resultados de FRS significativamente melhores após seis semanas de TP no solo. O mesmo grupo, também apresentou melhor desempenho, em relação ao teste de equilíbrio de OF, uma vez que seus dados de velocidade do COP apresentaram valores menores após seis semanas de treinamento.
The joint perception, the balance, the neuromuscular properties used in the acquisition of strength and physical conditioning has been an integral and obligatory part in the training of athletes and for the development of these qualities plyometrics has proved effective (ARAZI, ASADI, 2011). Plyometric training is a specialized, high intensity workout that allows muscles to generate as much force as possible in the shortest time (ARAZI, COETZEE, ASADI, 2012) through the stretching-shortening cycle. Therefore, plyometrics is used to improve strength and conditioning, and facilitate the specificity of sports performance (DAVIES, RIEMANN, MANSKE, 2015). Currently, investigations into the effect of plyometric training have emphasized injury prevention, such as the anterior cruciate ligament (MYER et al., 2006). It is believed that the reason for plyometric training also improve functional performance, is related to the combined effect of the force and increase of velocity, which generates a greater energy production. Mini trampolim training may require several physical factors, including strength, body stability, coordinated muscle responses and range of motion (ARAGÃO et al., 2011), thus training in mini trampolim can positively affect the lower limbs (AALIZADEH et al. al., 2016). Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of conventional plyometric training in relation to plyometric training in mini trampolins in biomechanical variables in basketball players. The study included 36 basketball players, aged between 17 and 21, all males. The study was divided into two experiments. The first one consisted in evaluations of a plyometric training session, being evaluated balance and jumps tests immediately after, 15 minutes and 30 minutes after the training. Experiment 2 was characterized by a six-week plyometric training, where strength, balance and jump tests were performed before and after the training period. The electromyographic activity of the rectus femoris muscles, medial and lateral, was also evaluated. The athletes were divided into three groups (mini trampoline training, ground training and control). In the statistical analysis, tests of normality of Shapiro-Wilk and of homoscedasticity of Levene were performed in order to verify the fulfillment of the assumptions for parametric tests. Then, the 2-Way ANOVA of repeated measurements with post-hoc Bonferroni was used when necessary, in order to verify in experiment 1, the difference of the effect of the training immediately after, after 15 minutes and after 30 minutes of the plyometric training in the balance variables and jumps in basketball players. And in experiment 2, the difference between the training and control groups after 6 weeks of plyometric training. If any variables did not meet the requirements of normal distribution and / or homogeneous variances, they were submitted to non-parametric tests. The level of significance of α <0.05 was adopted for each comparison. In relation to experiment 1, a TP session could generate a deficit in the balance variables of the open-eyes test immediately after the PT session, on the other hand, did not affect jump height, FRS and peak torque in basketball athletes. It was observed that after 15 and 30 minutes of TP, the values of the open-eye balance results tend to return close to the initial values (pre-test). However, in the results of the balance variables in the closed-eyes test, it was possible to notice that there is an improvement in balance performance mainly in the moments immediately after training and after 30 minutes. Concerning experiment 2, it was verified that the TPS group presented significantly better FRS results after six weeks of TP in the soil. The same group also presented better performance in relation to the closed-eyes equilibrium test, since their COP speed data presented lower values after six weeks of training.
The joint perception, the balance, the neuromuscular properties used in the acquisition of strength and physical conditioning has been an integral and obligatory part in the training of athletes and for the development of these qualities plyometrics has proved effective (ARAZI, ASADI, 2011). Plyometric training is a specialized, high intensity workout that allows muscles to generate as much force as possible in the shortest time (ARAZI, COETZEE, ASADI, 2012) through the stretching-shortening cycle. Therefore, plyometrics is used to improve strength and conditioning, and facilitate the specificity of sports performance (DAVIES, RIEMANN, MANSKE, 2015). Currently, investigations into the effect of plyometric training have emphasized injury prevention, such as the anterior cruciate ligament (MYER et al., 2006). It is believed that the reason for plyometric training also improve functional performance, is related to the combined effect of the force and increase of velocity, which generates a greater energy production. Mini trampolim training may require several physical factors, including strength, body stability, coordinated muscle responses and range of motion (ARAGÃO et al., 2011), thus training in mini trampolim can positively affect the lower limbs (AALIZADEH et al. al., 2016). Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of conventional plyometric training in relation to plyometric training in mini trampolins in biomechanical variables in basketball players. The study included 36 basketball players, aged between 17 and 21, all males. The study was divided into two experiments. The first one consisted in evaluations of a plyometric training session, being evaluated balance and jumps tests immediately after, 15 minutes and 30 minutes after the training. Experiment 2 was characterized by a six-week plyometric training, where strength, balance and jump tests were performed before and after the training period. The electromyographic activity of the rectus femoris muscles, medial and lateral, was also evaluated. The athletes were divided into three groups (mini trampoline training, ground training and control). In the statistical analysis, tests of normality of Shapiro-Wilk and of homoscedasticity of Levene were performed in order to verify the fulfillment of the assumptions for parametric tests. Then, the 2-Way ANOVA of repeated measurements with post-hoc Bonferroni was used when necessary, in order to verify in experiment 1, the difference of the effect of the training immediately after, after 15 minutes and after 30 minutes of the plyometric training in the balance variables and jumps in basketball players. And in experiment 2, the difference between the training and control groups after 6 weeks of plyometric training. If any variables did not meet the requirements of normal distribution and / or homogeneous variances, they were submitted to non-parametric tests. The level of significance of α <0.05 was adopted for each comparison. In relation to experiment 1, a TP session could generate a deficit in the balance variables of the open-eyes test immediately after the PT session, on the other hand, did not affect jump height, FRS and peak torque in basketball athletes. It was observed that after 15 and 30 minutes of TP, the values of the open-eye balance results tend to return close to the initial values (pre-test). However, in the results of the balance variables in the closed-eyes test, it was possible to notice that there is an improvement in balance performance mainly in the moments immediately after training and after 30 minutes. Concerning experiment 2, it was verified that the TPS group presented significantly better FRS results after six weeks of TP in the soil. The same group also presented better performance in relation to the closed-eyes equilibrium test, since their COP speed data presented lower values after six weeks of training.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Pliometria, Biomecânica, Propriocepção, Basquetebol, Isocinético, Plyometrics, Biomechanics, Proprioception, Basketball, Isokinetic