Utilização de um sistema híbrido de tratamento para biorremediação da vinhaça e avaliação da sua toxicidade por meio de análises histológicas e moleculares
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Data
2019-01-16
Autores
Marcato, Ana Claudia de Castro [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Na tentativa de reduzir o uso de combustíveis fósseis, por razões econômicas, geopolíticas e ambientais, o etanol é apresentado como uma das principais alternativas de energia. A vinhaça é um dos subprodutos da produção de álcool a partir da cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum sp.) e, devido à sua abundância em matéria orgânica, tem sido utilizada como fertilizante no solo, apresentando bons resultados ao longo dos anos, pois promove melhoria na fertilidade do solo. Porém, esta substância apresenta significativo poder poluente devido à sua alta concentração de matéria orgânica, e pode alcançar recursos hídricos por meio da percolação, atingindo as águas subterrâneas, e/ou escoamento, atingindo as águas superficiais. O uso de sistemas de tratamento, tais como estabilização, filtração e fitorremediação, para tratar efluentes de diferentes fontes tornou-se particularmente interessante, uma vez que são sistemas biogeoquímicos altamente eficazes para reduzir o impacto da poluição das águas residuais. Diante disto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver um sistema híbrido de tratamento com a finalidade de biorremediar a vinhaça, alterando suas características físicas e químicas na tentativa de diminuir o impacto ambiental desse resíduo. Para verificar a eficácia do tratamento proposto, foram realizados testes físico-químicos da vinhaça antes e após o tratamento e testes com organismos bioindicadores para análise de sua toxicidade; para tanto foram empregados peixes e anfípodas. Para a análise da toxicidade da vinhaça biorremediada foram utilizados como biomarcadores a análise histopatológica de brânquia e fígado (histologia, histoquímica), a investigação de mecanismos moleculares (qPCR, HSP70, TBARS) que indicassem estresse celular em tilápias, e a análise do comportamento de natação de anfípodas. Os resultados obtidos por meio das análises físico- químicas demonstraram uma melhoria significativa na composição da vinhaça, além de comprovar a eficácia do uso do aguapé na fitorremediação. Estes resultados foram corroborados pelas análises de toxicidade, pois, os órgãos analisados dos peixes expostos a vinhaça biorremediada não apresentaram alterações significativas. A análise do comportamento de natação dos anfípodas indicou que apesar da vinhaça ter sido submetida ao tratamento, ela manteve a capacidade de perturbar o ambiente aquático, porém, ao ser comparada com a vinhaça sem tratamento, in natura, observou-se uma redução desta toxicidade. Assim, podemos concluir que o método de tratamento proposto foi eficiente na diminuição do potencial poluente da vinhaça, tornando a utilização deste resíduo mais segura.
In an attempt to reduce the use of fossil fuels, for economic, geopolitical and environmental reasons, ethanol is presented as one of the main energy alternatives. Vinasse is one of the subproducts of alcohol production from sugarcane (Saccharum sp.) and due to its abundance in organic matter it has been used as fertilizer in the soil presenting good results over the years, since it promotes improvement in soil fertility by means of availability of some elements for plants. However, this substance presents significant pollutant power due to its high concentration of organic matter and it can reach water resources through percolation, reaching groundwater, and/or runoff, reaching the surface waters. The use of treatment systems, such as stabilization, filtration and phytoremediation to treat wastewater from different sources has become particularly interesting since they are highly effective biogeochemical systems to reduce the impact of wastewater pollution. Therefore, the present study had as aim to develop a hybrid treatment system with the purpose of bioremediating vinasse, changing its physical and chemical characteristics as an attempt to reduce the environmental impact of this residue. To verify the efficacy of the proposed treatment, physicalchemical tests of the vinasse were carried out before and after treatment and also tests with bioindicators to analyze their toxicity were applied. In order to analyze the toxicity of bioremediated vinasse, the histopathology of gill and liver, investigation of molecular mechanisms (qPCR, HSP70, TBARS) that indicate cell stress in tilapias and the analysis of amphipods swimming behavior were used as biomarkers.The results obtained through the physicochemical analyzes showed a significant improvement in the composition of the vinasse, besides prove the efficiency of water hyacinth into phytoremediation. These results were corroborated by toxicity analyzes, since the analyzed organs of the fish exposed to bioremediate vinasse did not show significant alterations. In addition, the analyzes of amphipods swimming behavior indicated that although the vinasse was submitted to a hybrid treatment system, it maintained the capacity to disturb the aquatic environment, however, when compared to raw vinasse, in natura, it was observed toxicity. Thus, we can conclude that the proposed treatment method was efficient in reducing the pollutant potential of vinasse, making the use of this residue safer.
In an attempt to reduce the use of fossil fuels, for economic, geopolitical and environmental reasons, ethanol is presented as one of the main energy alternatives. Vinasse is one of the subproducts of alcohol production from sugarcane (Saccharum sp.) and due to its abundance in organic matter it has been used as fertilizer in the soil presenting good results over the years, since it promotes improvement in soil fertility by means of availability of some elements for plants. However, this substance presents significant pollutant power due to its high concentration of organic matter and it can reach water resources through percolation, reaching groundwater, and/or runoff, reaching the surface waters. The use of treatment systems, such as stabilization, filtration and phytoremediation to treat wastewater from different sources has become particularly interesting since they are highly effective biogeochemical systems to reduce the impact of wastewater pollution. Therefore, the present study had as aim to develop a hybrid treatment system with the purpose of bioremediating vinasse, changing its physical and chemical characteristics as an attempt to reduce the environmental impact of this residue. To verify the efficacy of the proposed treatment, physicalchemical tests of the vinasse were carried out before and after treatment and also tests with bioindicators to analyze their toxicity were applied. In order to analyze the toxicity of bioremediated vinasse, the histopathology of gill and liver, investigation of molecular mechanisms (qPCR, HSP70, TBARS) that indicate cell stress in tilapias and the analysis of amphipods swimming behavior were used as biomarkers.The results obtained through the physicochemical analyzes showed a significant improvement in the composition of the vinasse, besides prove the efficiency of water hyacinth into phytoremediation. These results were corroborated by toxicity analyzes, since the analyzed organs of the fish exposed to bioremediate vinasse did not show significant alterations. In addition, the analyzes of amphipods swimming behavior indicated that although the vinasse was submitted to a hybrid treatment system, it maintained the capacity to disturb the aquatic environment, however, when compared to raw vinasse, in natura, it was observed toxicity. Thus, we can conclude that the proposed treatment method was efficient in reducing the pollutant potential of vinasse, making the use of this residue safer.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Fitorremediação, Aguapé, Toxicidade aquática, Histopatologia, Estresse oxidativo, Análise comportamental, Phytoremediation, Water hyacinth, Aquatic toxicity, Histopathology, Oxidative stres, Behavioral analysis