Cultura celular de mioblastos de peixes como um modelo para entender a regulação do desenvolvimento e crescimento muscular.
Data
2019-02-27
Autores
Duran, Bruno Oliveira da Silva
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Os peixes são um grupo de organismos de extrema importância ecológica, ambiental e principalmente econômica, devido à produção de carne destinada à alimentação dos seres humanos. A carne é composta basicamente por músculo esquelético, um tecido biológico altamente especializado que constitui cerca de 60% da massa corporal dos peixes, e está intimamente relacionado à fisiologia desses animais. A miogênese e o crescimento do músculo esquelético são dependentes da proliferação e migração de células denominadas mioblastos, que podem levar ao aumento do número de fibras musculares (hiperplasia) e/ou aumento do tamanho das fibras musculares (hipertrofia). Esse crescimento é regulado por diversos sinais extrínsecos, como temperatura e oxigenação, e intrínsecos, como fatores transcricionais, microRNAs, hormônios e nutrientes. Além da proliferação e diferenciação dos mioblastos, o tamanho das fibras musculares também é influenciado por esses fatores através de um delicado balanço entre as vias de sinalização de síntese e degradação proteica. Em peixes, essas redes moleculares que controlam a homeostase e o crescimento do músculo esquelético tiveram uma expansão em seu número de componentes devido a um evento de duplicação total do genoma, que culminou com o aumento da complexidade desses organismos e, possivelmente, para uma maior diversidade biológica. Uma das maneiras de estudar essas vias sinalizatórias e entender a complexidade da regulação do crescimento muscular é através das culturas celulares primárias de mioblastos de peixes. Durante o desenvolvimento das culturas celulares de mioblastos ocorre a retomada das principais etapas da miogênese, como a proliferação e migração dos mioblastos, a diferenciação e fusão em miotubos, e a maturação das fibras musculares. O ambiente in vitro das culturas celulares de mioblastos apresenta menor número de variáveis quando comparadas ao músculo esquelético num nível sistêmico, permitindo as análises sob condições controladas. Dessa forma, o objetivo de nosso trabalho foi utilizar culturas celulares primárias de mioblastos de peixes como ferramentas para investigar diferentes aspectos do crescimento do músculo esquelético. Estudos como o nosso, que fornecem novas informações quanto aos mecanismos moleculares e celulares que regulam o tecido muscular nos peixes, podem contribuir para a obtenção de melhorias na piscicultura intensiva, relacionadas ao aumento de massa muscular e qualidade de carne.
Fish are a group of organisms of extreme ecological, environmental and mainly economic importance, due to the meat production intended for humans. Meat is primarily composed of skeletal muscle, a highly specialized biological tissue that constitutes about 60% of fish body mass, and it is closely related to the physiology of these animals. Myogenesis and skeletal muscle growth are dependent on the proliferation and migration of cells called myoblasts, which can promote an increase in muscle fibre number (hyperplasia) and/or increase in muscle fibre size (hypertrophy). This growth is regulated by several extrinsic signals, such as temperature and oxygenation, and intrinsic signals, such as transcriptional factors, microRNAs, hormones and nutrients. In addition to myoblasts proliferation and differentiation, the muscle fibre sizes are also influenced by these factors through a delicate balance between protein synthesis and degradation signaling pathways. In fish, these molecular networks that control homeostasis and skeletal muscle growth had an expansion in their number of components due to an event of whole genome duplication, culminating with increased complexity and, possibly, a higher biological diversity of these animals. One way to study these signaling pathways and understand the complexity of muscle growth regulation is through primary cell cultures of fish myoblasts. During the myoblast cell culture development, the main stages of myogenesis are recapitulated, such as myoblast proliferation and migration, differentiation and fusion into myotubes, and maturation of muscle fibres. The in vitro environment of the myoblast cell cultures has fewer number of variables when compared to the skeletal muscle at a systemic level, allowing the analyses under controlled conditions. Thus, the aim of our work was the use of fish myoblast primary cell cultures as tools to investigate different aspects of skeletal muscle growth. Studies such as ours, which provide new information on the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate fish muscle tissue, may contribute to improvements in intensive fish farming, related to increased muscle mass and meat quality.
Fish are a group of organisms of extreme ecological, environmental and mainly economic importance, due to the meat production intended for humans. Meat is primarily composed of skeletal muscle, a highly specialized biological tissue that constitutes about 60% of fish body mass, and it is closely related to the physiology of these animals. Myogenesis and skeletal muscle growth are dependent on the proliferation and migration of cells called myoblasts, which can promote an increase in muscle fibre number (hyperplasia) and/or increase in muscle fibre size (hypertrophy). This growth is regulated by several extrinsic signals, such as temperature and oxygenation, and intrinsic signals, such as transcriptional factors, microRNAs, hormones and nutrients. In addition to myoblasts proliferation and differentiation, the muscle fibre sizes are also influenced by these factors through a delicate balance between protein synthesis and degradation signaling pathways. In fish, these molecular networks that control homeostasis and skeletal muscle growth had an expansion in their number of components due to an event of whole genome duplication, culminating with increased complexity and, possibly, a higher biological diversity of these animals. One way to study these signaling pathways and understand the complexity of muscle growth regulation is through primary cell cultures of fish myoblasts. During the myoblast cell culture development, the main stages of myogenesis are recapitulated, such as myoblast proliferation and migration, differentiation and fusion into myotubes, and maturation of muscle fibres. The in vitro environment of the myoblast cell cultures has fewer number of variables when compared to the skeletal muscle at a systemic level, allowing the analyses under controlled conditions. Thus, the aim of our work was the use of fish myoblast primary cell cultures as tools to investigate different aspects of skeletal muscle growth. Studies such as ours, which provide new information on the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate fish muscle tissue, may contribute to improvements in intensive fish farming, related to increased muscle mass and meat quality.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Crescimento muscular, Cultura celular, Miogênese, Músculo esquelético, Peixe