Conflitos territoriais e resistência da totalidade do trabalho frente ao agrohidronegócio fruticultor nas áreas de expansão dos perímetros irrigados no semiárido nordestino
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Data
2018-12-18
Autores
França, Diego Pessoa Irineu de
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A territorialização do agrohidronegócio no semiárido nordestino redefiniu as formas de controle sobre a terra, a água e o trabalho, submetendo-os aos fins da reprodução ampliada do capital. Esse processo aconteceu com mais intensidade nas áreas dos Perímetros Irrigados-PIs, onde a intervenção estatal criou mecanismos logísticos e institucionais para a consolidação do monopólio territorial exercido pelo capital. De um lado, grupos nacionais e transnacionais expandem suas áreas de produção agrícola destinadas à exportação (manga, abacaxi, melão, banana, uva etc.). De outro, os movimentos e sujeitos sociais protagonizam diversificadas lutas contra o modelo hegemônico que dá suporte a esse processo destrutivo da natureza e do ser humano. Neste contexto, o objetivo principal da presente pesquisa consistiu em compreender o significado das ações de resistências da totalidade dos sujeitos que trabalham, seja quando contestam o monopólio sobre a terra-água seja quando se opõem às formas de controle e degradação do trabalho, a partir das greves, das áreas de acampamentos e das comunidades rurais, situados no interior dos PIs Jaguaribe-Apodi-CE, Santa Cruz do Apodi-RN e Pontal-PE. O estudo se fundamenta na abordagem crítica da Geografia do trabalho, que busca apreender as contradições dos processos sociais, o estranhamento e a precarização do trabalho no âmbito dos conflitos territoriais. A partir desses referenciais, desenvolvemos uma análise qualitativa e quantitativa, com base nas informações e dados obtidos através da experiência dos trabalhos de campo, das entrevistas semiestruturadas, da pesquisa bibliográfica e dos levantamentos dos dados secundários, obtidos junto a vários órgãos privados e públicos. A tese está estruturada em quatro capítulos. No primeiro, abordamos a categoria do trabalho de uma forma abstrata, situando-a enquanto imprescindível à produção de valor, bem como um elo da emancipação humana. No segundo, descrevemos as transformações nos processos de acumulação do capital, na era da financeirização, com ênfase nos rebatimentos específicos sobre a privatização da natureza e degradação do trabalho na fruticultura. No terceiro, analisamos como o papel estatal tornou-se indispensável à consolidação do modelo do agrohidronegócio fruticultor, sobretudo através da intervenção direta, das formas de desoneração, da flexibilização das normas regulamentadoras e/ou da criação de um discurso de consenso legitimador dos megaprojetos. Por fim, no quarto capítulo, enfatizamos a experiência das resistências dos vários segmentos de trabalhadores, que mantêm um movimento pendular entre o assalariamento precário, as greves, a vida nas comunidades rurais e nos acampamentos de luta. A pesquisa, ao desvendar os processos de degradação do trabalho pelo capital fruticultor, permitiu compreender que as formas de resistências surgidas no interior das contradições estruturais do sistema metabólico do capital apontam a necessidade e a possibilidade histórica da emancipação do conjunto heterogêneo do trabalho.
The territorialization of agro-hydro-business in the northeastern semi-arid region redefined the forms of control over land, water, and labor, subjecting them to the purposes of expanded reproduction of capital. This process happened more intensively in the areas of Irrigated Perimeters-IPs, where state intervention created logistical and institutional mechanisms for the consolidation of the territorial monopoly exercisedby capital. On the one hand, national and transnational groups expand their areas of agricultural production destined for export (mango, pineapple, melon, banana, grape, etc.).On the other hand, social movements and subjects carry out diverse struggles against the hegemonic model that supports to this destructive process of nature and of the human being. In this context, the main objective of the present research was to understand the significance of the actions of resistance of the totality of the subjects that work, either when they contest the monopoly on land-water or when they oppose the forms of control and degradation of work, with strikes, campsites areas and rural communities, located within the Jaguaribe-Apodi-CE, Santa Cruz do Apodi-RN and Pontal-PE PIs. The study is based on the critical approach of Geography of work, which seeks to understand the contradictions of social processes, the estrangement and the precariousness of work in the context of territorial conflicts. From these references, we developed a qualitative and quantitative analysis, based on the information and data obtained through fieldwork experience, semi-structured interviews, bibliographic research and secondary data surveys, obtained from several public and private agencies. The thesis is structured in four main chapters. In the first, we approach the category of work in an abstract way, situating it as essential for the production of value, as well as a link of human emancipation. In the second, we describe the transformations in capital accumulation processes in the era of financialization, with emphasis on specific refutations on the privatization of nature and the degradation of work in fruit growing. In the third part, we analyze how the state role became indispensable to the consolidation of the model of agro-hydro-business fruit growers, especially through direct intervention, the forms of exemption, the easing of regulatory norms and / or the creation of a legitimizing consensus discourse for megaprojects. Finally, in the fourth chapter, we emphasize the experience of the resistance of the various segments of workers, who maintain a pendular movement between precarious employment, strikes, life in rural communities and in the fighting camps. The research, when uncovering the processes of degradation of labor by the fruiting capital, allowed us to understand that the forms of resistances arising within the structural contradictions of the metabolic system of capital point to the necessity and the historical possibility of the emancipation of the heterogeneous set of labor.
The territorialization of agro-hydro-business in the northeastern semi-arid region redefined the forms of control over land, water, and labor, subjecting them to the purposes of expanded reproduction of capital. This process happened more intensively in the areas of Irrigated Perimeters-IPs, where state intervention created logistical and institutional mechanisms for the consolidation of the territorial monopoly exercisedby capital. On the one hand, national and transnational groups expand their areas of agricultural production destined for export (mango, pineapple, melon, banana, grape, etc.).On the other hand, social movements and subjects carry out diverse struggles against the hegemonic model that supports to this destructive process of nature and of the human being. In this context, the main objective of the present research was to understand the significance of the actions of resistance of the totality of the subjects that work, either when they contest the monopoly on land-water or when they oppose the forms of control and degradation of work, with strikes, campsites areas and rural communities, located within the Jaguaribe-Apodi-CE, Santa Cruz do Apodi-RN and Pontal-PE PIs. The study is based on the critical approach of Geography of work, which seeks to understand the contradictions of social processes, the estrangement and the precariousness of work in the context of territorial conflicts. From these references, we developed a qualitative and quantitative analysis, based on the information and data obtained through fieldwork experience, semi-structured interviews, bibliographic research and secondary data surveys, obtained from several public and private agencies. The thesis is structured in four main chapters. In the first, we approach the category of work in an abstract way, situating it as essential for the production of value, as well as a link of human emancipation. In the second, we describe the transformations in capital accumulation processes in the era of financialization, with emphasis on specific refutations on the privatization of nature and the degradation of work in fruit growing. In the third part, we analyze how the state role became indispensable to the consolidation of the model of agro-hydro-business fruit growers, especially through direct intervention, the forms of exemption, the easing of regulatory norms and / or the creation of a legitimizing consensus discourse for megaprojects. Finally, in the fourth chapter, we emphasize the experience of the resistance of the various segments of workers, who maintain a pendular movement between precarious employment, strikes, life in rural communities and in the fighting camps. The research, when uncovering the processes of degradation of labor by the fruiting capital, allowed us to understand that the forms of resistances arising within the structural contradictions of the metabolic system of capital point to the necessity and the historical possibility of the emancipation of the heterogeneous set of labor.
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Palavras-chave
Resistências, Trabalho, Agrohidronegócio, Resistances, Work, Agro-hydro-business