Interação de adjuvantes e do volume de calda na eficiência da aplicação de fungicidas na cultura do arroz irrigado
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Data
2019-02-22
Autores
Dario, Iuri Stéfano Negrisiolo
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A incidência de doenças é um dos principais fatores que afeta a orizicultura brasileira e a baixa eficiência de controle tem causado perdas significativas na quantidade e na qualidade do arroz. Alguns fatores têm influenciado na baixa eficiência do controle das doenças, e entre estes, a aplicação dos fungicidas com volumes muito reduzidos e o não uso ou o uso inadequado de adjuvantes. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo avaliar a interação da aplicação de adjuvantes e fungicidas na cultura do arroz irrigado, em diferentes volumes de calda, bem como mensurar seus efeitos na sanidade e na produção de grãos. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em campo e laboratório. O experimento a campo foi conduzido em tabuleiros irrigados na Fazenda Santa Helena, município de Roseira, principal região orizícola do Estado de São Paulo - Brasil, sendo utilizado o cultivar Puitá Inta CL, importante material utilizado na região. O experimento constou de 13 tratamentos, distribuídos no esquema fatorial 4 x 3 (fungicida associado a 3 diferentes adjuvantes e fungicida isolado x 3 volumes de calda, e um tratamento controle). O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, composto por 52 parcelas (13 tratamentos e 4 repetições), tendo cada parcela área de 1.500 m². Os adjuvantes utilizados foram: Fighter (mistura de surfactantes não iônicos), Natur’l Óleo (óleo vegetal) e Aureo (éster metílico de óleo de soja). O fungicida Brio (epoxiconazole + cresoxim-metílico) foi pulverizado duas vezes, coincidentes com o emborrachamento e o início do florescimento das plantas (72 e 86 dias do ciclo da cultura - BBCH 45 e 61), utilizando volumes de calda de 10 L ha-1 para pulverização aérea e 100 e 200 L ha-1 para pulverização terrestre. Durante a condução do experimento foram realizadas avaliações da eficiência dos tratamentos no controle da mancha parda, por meio das avaliações da incidência e severidade na folha bandeira. Também foram realizadas avaliações visuais de fitointoxicação utilizando a escala EWRC (1 = nenhuma fitointoxicação e 9 = morte das plantas). No momento da primeira pulverização foram utilizados papéis hidrossensíveis, visando verificar a qualidade da aplicação e a deposição das gotas, os quais foram alocados sobre as folhas das plantas e distribuídos em 5 locais de cada parcela. Ao final do ciclo da cultura foi realizada a colheita (120 DAS) e avaliada a produção de grãos, o peso de 1.000 sementes, o controle de patógenos nas sementes e após o beneficiamento foram analisados o rendimento de engenho, a porcentagem de grãos inteiros e a qualidade do arroz polido. Os testes de laboratório foram conduzidos no setor de Crop Solutions da Clariant Innovation Center em Frankfurt, Alemanha, unidade da Clariant localizada no complexo industrial de Hoechst, destinada exclusivamente para novos projetos e pesquisas com adjuvantes. Os produtos e os tratamentos foram os mesmos utilizados a campo, e o delineamento estatístico foi inteiramente casualizado. Foram realizados testes de compatibilidade de misturas, quantificação de penetração cuticular de epoxiconazol e cresoxim-metílico e da velocidade de penetração em membrana natural, através de análise em HPLC; pH das soluções; observação do depósito e da formação de cristais em lente comum e polarizada; teste de fitointoxicação; tensão superficial dinâmica; análise do espectro de gotas e potencial de deriva; ângulo de contato formado entre e a superfície da folha do arroz e a velocidade do espalhamento; análise das estruturas foliares do arroz em microscópio eletrônico de varredura e quantificação da deposição e porcentagem de cobertura das soluções nas plantas de arroz. Para estes testes foram utilizados os cultivares IAC 202 e BEAD, tradicional variedade brasileira de terras altas e chinesa de área irrigada, respectivamente, sendo o arroz conduzido em ambiente protegido e totalmente automatizado, sobre plataformas mecanizadas de casualização diária, com controle de irrigação, temperatura, umidade relativa do ar e radiação solar. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir: a) A utilização de fungicidas é essencial para obtenção de altos rendimentos da cultura, em especial com pulverização terrestre; b) O uso de adjuvantes possibilita a redução do volume sem afetar a qualidade da pulverização; c) Os adjuvantes aumentam o potencial de fitointoxicação dos produtos; d) A deriva tem relação direta com a pressão, tipo de ponta e volume de aplicação, e pode ser reduzida com a utilização de adjuvantes; e) O uso de adjuvantes promove menor ângulo de contato da gota com a superfície da folha de arroz e maior molhamento das plantas; f) Os adjuvantes aumentam a penetração foliar dos ingredientes ativos.
The incidence of diseases is one of the main factors affecting Brazilian rice production and the low efficiency of control has caused significant losses in rice quantity and quality. Some factors have influenced the low efficiency of disease control, including the application of fungicides at very low volumes and the non-use or inappropriate use of adjuvants. This research aims to evaluate the interaction of the application of adjuvants and fungicides in the irrigated rice crop, in different spray volumes, as well as to measure their effects on sanity and grain production. The research was developed in the field and laboratory. The field experiment was conducted on irrigated at Fazenda Santa Helena, in the municipality of Roseira, the main rice region of the São Paulo State - Brazil, using the cultivar Puitá Inta CL, an important material in cultivation in the region. The experiment consisted of 13 treatments, distributed in the factorial scheme 4 x 3 (fungicide associated with 3 different adjuvants and isolated fungicide x 3 spray volumes, and a control treatment). The experimental design was a randomized block design, consisting of 52 plots (13 treatments and 4 replications), each plot having an area of 1,500 m². The adjuvants used were: Fighter (mixture of nonionic surfactants), Natur’l Oil (vegetable oil) and Aureo (methyl ester of soybean oil). The fungicide Brio (epoxiconazole + kresoxim-methyl) was sprayed twice, coinciding with the booting and beginning of flowering of the plants (72 and 86 days of the culture cycle - BBCH 45 and 61), using tank volumes of 10 L ha-1 for aerial spraying and 100 and 200 L ha-1 for ground spraying. During the conduction of the experiment were carried out evaluations of the efficiency of the treatments in the control of the brown spot, through the evaluations of the incidence and severity in the rice leaves. Visual evaluations of phytotoxification were also performed using the EWRC scale (1 = no phytotoxification and 9 = plant death). At the moment of the first spraying, hydrosensitive papers were used to verify the quality of the application and the deposition of the droplets, which were allocated on the leaves of the plants and distributed in 5 sites of each plot. At the end of the crop cycle, the crop was harvested (120 DAS) and evaluated the grain yield, the weight of 1,000 seeds, the control of pathogens in the seeds and after the processing were analyzed the yield of processing, the percentage of whole grains and the quality of polished rice. The laboratory tests were conducted in the Crop Solutions sector of the Clariant Innovation Center in Frankfurt, Germany, a unit of Clariant located in the industrial complex of Hoechst, exclusively for new projects and research with adjuvants. The products and treatments were the same as those used in the field, and the statistical design was completely randomized. Mixture compatibility tests were performed, quantification tests of cuticle penetration of epoxiconazole and kresoxim-methyl and the rate of penetration of natural membrane were performed by HPLC analysis; pH of the solutions; observation of deposit and formation of crystals in common and polarized lens; phytointoxication test, dynamic surface tension; analysis of the droplet spectrum and drift potential; contact angle formed between the droplet and the surface of the leaf of the rice and the speed of the spreading; analysis of rice leaf structures in a scanning electron microscope and quantification of the deposition and percentage coverage of the solutions in the rice plants. For these tests, the cultivars IAC 202 and BEAD, traditional Brazilian variety of upland and Chinese of irrigated areas, respectively, were used, and the rice was conducted in a protected and fully automated environment on mechanized platforms of daily casualization with irrigation control, temperature, relative humidity and solar radiation. The results obtained allow us to conclude: a) The use of fungicides is essential to obtain high yields of the rice crop, especially with terrestrial spraying; b) The use of adjuvants allows the reduction of spray volume without affecting quality; c) The adjuvants increase the phytotoxicity potential of the products; d) The drift is directly related to the pressure, type of nozzle and volume of application, and can be reduced with the use of adjuvants; e) The use of adjuvants promotes a lower angle of contact of the drop with the surface of the rice leaf and more wetting of the plants; f) The adjuvants increase the leaf penetration of the active ingredients.
The incidence of diseases is one of the main factors affecting Brazilian rice production and the low efficiency of control has caused significant losses in rice quantity and quality. Some factors have influenced the low efficiency of disease control, including the application of fungicides at very low volumes and the non-use or inappropriate use of adjuvants. This research aims to evaluate the interaction of the application of adjuvants and fungicides in the irrigated rice crop, in different spray volumes, as well as to measure their effects on sanity and grain production. The research was developed in the field and laboratory. The field experiment was conducted on irrigated at Fazenda Santa Helena, in the municipality of Roseira, the main rice region of the São Paulo State - Brazil, using the cultivar Puitá Inta CL, an important material in cultivation in the region. The experiment consisted of 13 treatments, distributed in the factorial scheme 4 x 3 (fungicide associated with 3 different adjuvants and isolated fungicide x 3 spray volumes, and a control treatment). The experimental design was a randomized block design, consisting of 52 plots (13 treatments and 4 replications), each plot having an area of 1,500 m². The adjuvants used were: Fighter (mixture of nonionic surfactants), Natur’l Oil (vegetable oil) and Aureo (methyl ester of soybean oil). The fungicide Brio (epoxiconazole + kresoxim-methyl) was sprayed twice, coinciding with the booting and beginning of flowering of the plants (72 and 86 days of the culture cycle - BBCH 45 and 61), using tank volumes of 10 L ha-1 for aerial spraying and 100 and 200 L ha-1 for ground spraying. During the conduction of the experiment were carried out evaluations of the efficiency of the treatments in the control of the brown spot, through the evaluations of the incidence and severity in the rice leaves. Visual evaluations of phytotoxification were also performed using the EWRC scale (1 = no phytotoxification and 9 = plant death). At the moment of the first spraying, hydrosensitive papers were used to verify the quality of the application and the deposition of the droplets, which were allocated on the leaves of the plants and distributed in 5 sites of each plot. At the end of the crop cycle, the crop was harvested (120 DAS) and evaluated the grain yield, the weight of 1,000 seeds, the control of pathogens in the seeds and after the processing were analyzed the yield of processing, the percentage of whole grains and the quality of polished rice. The laboratory tests were conducted in the Crop Solutions sector of the Clariant Innovation Center in Frankfurt, Germany, a unit of Clariant located in the industrial complex of Hoechst, exclusively for new projects and research with adjuvants. The products and treatments were the same as those used in the field, and the statistical design was completely randomized. Mixture compatibility tests were performed, quantification tests of cuticle penetration of epoxiconazole and kresoxim-methyl and the rate of penetration of natural membrane were performed by HPLC analysis; pH of the solutions; observation of deposit and formation of crystals in common and polarized lens; phytointoxication test, dynamic surface tension; analysis of the droplet spectrum and drift potential; contact angle formed between the droplet and the surface of the leaf of the rice and the speed of the spreading; analysis of rice leaf structures in a scanning electron microscope and quantification of the deposition and percentage coverage of the solutions in the rice plants. For these tests, the cultivars IAC 202 and BEAD, traditional Brazilian variety of upland and Chinese of irrigated areas, respectively, were used, and the rice was conducted in a protected and fully automated environment on mechanized platforms of daily casualization with irrigation control, temperature, relative humidity and solar radiation. The results obtained allow us to conclude: a) The use of fungicides is essential to obtain high yields of the rice crop, especially with terrestrial spraying; b) The use of adjuvants allows the reduction of spray volume without affecting quality; c) The adjuvants increase the phytotoxicity potential of the products; d) The drift is directly related to the pressure, type of nozzle and volume of application, and can be reduced with the use of adjuvants; e) The use of adjuvants promotes a lower angle of contact of the drop with the surface of the rice leaf and more wetting of the plants; f) The adjuvants increase the leaf penetration of the active ingredients.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Arroz, Adjuvante, Fungicida, Volume de Aplicação, Tecnologia de Aplicação, Rice, Adjuvant, Fungicide, Spray Volume, Spray Technology