Locke contra as formas de poder arbitrário nos Dois tratados sobre o governo
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Data
2019-03-15
Autores
Ottonicar, Flávio Gabriel Capinzaiki [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
John Locke é reconhecidamente um dos grandes autores da história da filosofia. Parte desse reconhecimento deve-se aos seus escritos políticos, entre eles, os Dois Tratados Sobre o Governo, publicados em 1689. O principal desígnio de Locke nesse texto é refutar a defesa do absolutismo monárquico de Robert Filmer, manifesta especialmente na obra Patriarcha, que ganhou grande notoriedade na Inglaterra durante a década de 1680. A obra de Locke, entretanto, para além da refutação do poder absoluto dos reis, pode ser lida como um ataque ao poder arbitrário em geral, caracterizado principalmente pela não observância da lei. O objetivo geral do presente trabalho é estabelecer possíveis correlações entre os argumentos de Locke contrários ao poder arbitrário e o debate, já corrente no século XVII, sobre as origens, os fundamentos e a extensão do poder político. Especificamente, este trabalho buscará analisar as formas de poder arbitrário propostas por Locke nos Dois Tratados: o poder arbitrário individual, que, no estado de natureza leva ao estado de guerra; o absolutismo, caracterizado pelo governo que não se submete às leis; e, finalmente, a tirania, situação em que o soberano age sem observar as leis existentes. Segundo Locke, no estado de natureza é a falta de conhecimento da lei da natureza que leva os indivíduos a agirem de forma arbitrária uns contra os outros. Esse fato os leva a instituírem uma sociedade política e confiarem o poder de julgar as controvérsias a uma só pessoa, o monarca. O governo do monarca no início das sociedades políticas é absoluto na medida em que não se encontra limitado por qualquer lei positiva. Quando o monarca começa a abusar do poder que possui, é criado o poder Legislativo a partir do qual serão produzidas as leis para delimitar seu poder. Entretanto, mesmo a existência do poder Legislativo não é suficiente para impedir que o soberano ignore as leis e passe a agir de forma arbitrária, tornando-se um tirano. O último recurso dos indivíduos contra a tirania é o direito de resistência apoiado na lei da natureza que permanece em vigor, mesmo no estado civil.
John Locke is recognisided like one of the biggest authors of the history of philosophy. Part of this recognizing is due to his political writings, among it, the Two Treatises on Government, published in 1689. The main aim of Locke in this text is to refuse the defense of monarchical absolutism of Robert Filmer, expressed mainly in the work Patriarcha, that got famous in the England across the 1680’s decade. Thus, Locke’s work, beyond of to refuse the absolut power of the kings, can be read like an attack to arbitrarian power in general, mainly caracterized by non-observation of law. The general purpose of this work is to establish possible correlations between Locke's arguments against arbitrary power and the debate, already current in the seventeenth century, on the origins, foundations, and extent of political power. Specifically, this work will seek to analyse the arbitrary forms of power proposed by Locke in Two Treaties: individual one, which, in the state of nature, leads to the state of war; the absolutism, characterized by a government that does not submit to laws; and, finally, the tyranny, a situation in which the sovereign acts without observing the existing laws. According to Locke, in state of nature, the absence of knowledge about the law of nature take the individuals to act in an arbitrarian way one against others. It takes them to establish a political society and trust in only one person the power of to judge controversies, the monarch. Monarch’s government in the initial point of political societies is an absolute one because it isn’t limited by any positive law. When monarch begins to abuse of his power, it is created the legislative from where will be produced the laws to limit his power. However, even the existence of legislative isn’t enough to prevent that sovereign ignoring laws and begins to act in an arbitrarian way, becoming a tyran. The last resort to against tyranny is the right to resistence based on the law of nature, that is still in force, even in the civil state.
John Locke is recognisided like one of the biggest authors of the history of philosophy. Part of this recognizing is due to his political writings, among it, the Two Treatises on Government, published in 1689. The main aim of Locke in this text is to refuse the defense of monarchical absolutism of Robert Filmer, expressed mainly in the work Patriarcha, that got famous in the England across the 1680’s decade. Thus, Locke’s work, beyond of to refuse the absolut power of the kings, can be read like an attack to arbitrarian power in general, mainly caracterized by non-observation of law. The general purpose of this work is to establish possible correlations between Locke's arguments against arbitrary power and the debate, already current in the seventeenth century, on the origins, foundations, and extent of political power. Specifically, this work will seek to analyse the arbitrary forms of power proposed by Locke in Two Treaties: individual one, which, in the state of nature, leads to the state of war; the absolutism, characterized by a government that does not submit to laws; and, finally, the tyranny, a situation in which the sovereign acts without observing the existing laws. According to Locke, in state of nature, the absence of knowledge about the law of nature take the individuals to act in an arbitrarian way one against others. It takes them to establish a political society and trust in only one person the power of to judge controversies, the monarch. Monarch’s government in the initial point of political societies is an absolute one because it isn’t limited by any positive law. When monarch begins to abuse of his power, it is created the legislative from where will be produced the laws to limit his power. However, even the existence of legislative isn’t enough to prevent that sovereign ignoring laws and begins to act in an arbitrarian way, becoming a tyran. The last resort to against tyranny is the right to resistence based on the law of nature, that is still in force, even in the civil state.
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Palavras-chave
Locke, Política, Absolutismo, Poder arbitrário., Politics, Absolutism, Arbitrary power