Biodiversidade dos metazoários parasitos das espécies dominantes de peixes Siluriformes do rio Batalha, médio rio Tietê, São Paulo, Brasil
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Data
2018-02-21
Autores
Pelegrini, Larissa Sbeghen [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
No presente estudo é apresentada uma análise da diversidade de parasitos presentes em peixes da ordem Siluriformes, coletados durante os anos de 2014 a 2016 no rio Batalha, pertencente à bacia hidrográfica do Tietê-Batalha (BH-TB), localizada na Região Centro-Oeste do Estado de São Paulo. Os parasitos de organismos aquáticos, particularmente os de peixes, são subestimados quanto à sua importância no impacto das populações hospedeiras. Tem-se observado um aumento nas pesquisas com esta temática, com estudos mais aprofundados envolvendo a dinâmica populacional destes organismos ao longo do tempo-espaço em hospedeiros em seu ambiente natural, ampliando assim o conhecimento sobre as estratégias de adaptação nas relações parasito-hospedeiro-ambiente. Em regiões impactadas, como é o caso da maioria dos corpos d’água do Estado de São Paulo, e dependendo do tipo de alteração ambiental em seus arredores, toda a cadeia trófica dos organismos aquáticos será influenciada por tais mudanças, e os parasitos responderão mais rapidamente do que os seus hospedeiros a estas alterações. A diversidade de organismos aquáticos no rio Batalha ainda é pouco conhecida com estudos restritos na região, e os peixes da ordem Siluriformes se destacam tanto em riqueza de espécies quanto em abundância, cuja importância se dá nas práticas desportivas, na alimentação local e, principalmente, com finalidade ornamental. São organismos amplamente diversificados e complexos, distribuídos em vários tipos de ambiente, com preferência por ambientes com águas turvas, entre as rochas e a vegetação do fundo dos rios, com hábitos predominantemente noturnos, principalmente em regiões tropicais. No primeiro capítulo deste trabalho, foi realizado um inventário da fauna parasitária de 12 espécies de Siluriformes do rio Batalha, pertencente as seguintes espécies: Hypostomus regani, H. strigaticeps, H. hermanni, H. iheringii, H. ancistroides, H. albopunctatus, H. paulinus, Loricaria prolixa, L. piracicabae, Rhamdia quelen, Hoplosternum littorale e Pseudopimelodus mangurus, totalizando 283 hospedeiros. Foram encontrados 50 taxa de parasitos, e considerações acerca das espécies encontradas foram realizadas, além do registro de novas espécies a serem descritas, novas ocorrências de hospedeiros e também de nova localização geográfica. No segundo capítulo foi analisada a distribuição das infrapopulações parasitárias em quatro espécies de “cascudos” (Hypostomus regani; H. strigaticeps; H. hermanni e H. ancistroides) com uma avaliação da dinâmica das comunidades parasitárias e suas relações ecológicas envolvendo estes hospedeiros. Com todos os peixes parasitados, observou-se uma prevalência maior de ectoparasitos (Monogenea e Hirudinea) nos Hypostomus spp. analisados, com exceção para as metacercárias de Diplostomidae gen. sp., endoparasitos encontrados nos olhos dos hospedeiros. O terceiro e último capítulo abordará a análise morfológica e molecular destas metacercárias da família Diplostomidae parasitos do cristalino de quase todas as espécies de peixes analisadas (exceto P. mangurus). A identificação das espécies de diplostomídeos em todas as fases do ciclo de vida é difícil, mas a maior dificuldade se encontra na identificação das metacercárias devido à sua morfologia simples, o que fez com que técnicas moleculares fossem aplicadas em associação à morfologia descritiva. Com base na caracterização genética das sequências do gene Citocromo C Oxidase subunidade I (COI) e análise dos caracteres morfológicos destes organismos, foi sugerido um novo gênero distinto das demais linhagens genéticas de Diplostomidae conhecidas. Os anexos deste trabalho trazem uma chave de identificação das espécies pertencentes ao gênero Hypostomus presentes no rio Batalha, realizada para facilitar a identificação destes hospedeiros, e um manuscrito publicado na Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences entitulado “Biodiversity and ecology of the parasitic infracommunities of Loricaria prolixa (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the Tietê-Batalha Basin, SP, Brazil”.
The present study analyzes the parasites diversity present in fish species of the order Siluriformes, collected during the years 2014 to 2016 in the Batalha River, Tietê-Batalha river basin (BH-TB), in the Central-West Region of the State of São Paulo. Parasites of aquatic organisms, particularly those parasitizing fish, are underestimated as to their importance in the impact of host populations. The studies on this theme has grown over time, with more in-depth studies involving the population dynamics of these organisms over time-space in hosts in their natural environment, thus increasing knowledge on adaptation strategies in parasite-host-environment relationship. In degraded regions, as is the case with most water bodies in the State of São Paulo, and depending on the type of environmental change in their surroundings, the entire trophic chain of aquatic organisms will be influenced by such changes, and the parasites will respond more than your hosts to these changes. The diversity of aquatic organisms in the Batalha River is still little known with restricted studies in the region, and the Siluriformes species stand out both in species richness and in abundance, whose importance is given in sports, local feeding and ornamental purpose. They are widely diversified and complex organisms, distributed in several types of environment, with preference for cloudy water, between rocks and vegetation of the bottom of the rivers, with predominantly nocturnal habits, mainly in tropical regions. In the first chapter of this study, an inventory of the parasitic fauna of 12 fish species of Siluriformes of the Batalha River was carried out, belonging to the following species: Hypostomus regani, H. strigaticeps, H. hermanni, H. iheringii, H. ancistroides, H. albopunctatus, H. paulinus, Loricaria prolixa, L. piracicabae, Rhamdia quelen, Hoplosternum littorale and Pseudopimelodus mangurus, totaling 283 hosts. Fifty parasite taxa were found, and considerations about the species found were made, besides the registration of new species to be described, new hosts occurrences and also new geographic location occurrence. In the second chapter, the distribution of parasitic infrapopulations in four species of "cascudos or catfishes" (Hypostomus regani, H. strigaticeps, H. hermanni and H. ancistroides) was analyzed with an evaluation of the parasitic’s communities dynamics and their ecological relations involving these hosts. All fish were parasitized. A higher prevalence of ectoparasites (Monogenea and Hirudinea) was observed in Hypostomus spp. analyzed, except for the metacercariae of Diplostomidae gen. sp., endoparasites found in the hosts eyes. The third and last chapter performed a morphological and molecular analysis of these Diplostomidae metacercariae, crystalline parasites of almost all species of fish analyzed (except P. mangurus). There is a great difficulty in identifying the Diplostomidae species in all phases of its life cycle, but especially in relation to the metacercariae phase, which made that molecular techniques applied in association with the descriptive morphology. Based on the genetic characterization of the Cytochrome C Oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences and analysis of the morphological characters of these organisms, it was suggested a new genus distinct from the other known genetic lines of Diplostomidae. In the "Attachments" section, an species identification key of the genus Hypostomus presents in the Batalha River was realized to facilitate the hosts identification. Finally, we present the manuscript published in Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences entitled “Biodiversity and ecology of the parasitic infracommunities of Loricaria prolixa (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the Tietê-Batalha Basin, SP, Brazil”.
The present study analyzes the parasites diversity present in fish species of the order Siluriformes, collected during the years 2014 to 2016 in the Batalha River, Tietê-Batalha river basin (BH-TB), in the Central-West Region of the State of São Paulo. Parasites of aquatic organisms, particularly those parasitizing fish, are underestimated as to their importance in the impact of host populations. The studies on this theme has grown over time, with more in-depth studies involving the population dynamics of these organisms over time-space in hosts in their natural environment, thus increasing knowledge on adaptation strategies in parasite-host-environment relationship. In degraded regions, as is the case with most water bodies in the State of São Paulo, and depending on the type of environmental change in their surroundings, the entire trophic chain of aquatic organisms will be influenced by such changes, and the parasites will respond more than your hosts to these changes. The diversity of aquatic organisms in the Batalha River is still little known with restricted studies in the region, and the Siluriformes species stand out both in species richness and in abundance, whose importance is given in sports, local feeding and ornamental purpose. They are widely diversified and complex organisms, distributed in several types of environment, with preference for cloudy water, between rocks and vegetation of the bottom of the rivers, with predominantly nocturnal habits, mainly in tropical regions. In the first chapter of this study, an inventory of the parasitic fauna of 12 fish species of Siluriformes of the Batalha River was carried out, belonging to the following species: Hypostomus regani, H. strigaticeps, H. hermanni, H. iheringii, H. ancistroides, H. albopunctatus, H. paulinus, Loricaria prolixa, L. piracicabae, Rhamdia quelen, Hoplosternum littorale and Pseudopimelodus mangurus, totaling 283 hosts. Fifty parasite taxa were found, and considerations about the species found were made, besides the registration of new species to be described, new hosts occurrences and also new geographic location occurrence. In the second chapter, the distribution of parasitic infrapopulations in four species of "cascudos or catfishes" (Hypostomus regani, H. strigaticeps, H. hermanni and H. ancistroides) was analyzed with an evaluation of the parasitic’s communities dynamics and their ecological relations involving these hosts. All fish were parasitized. A higher prevalence of ectoparasites (Monogenea and Hirudinea) was observed in Hypostomus spp. analyzed, except for the metacercariae of Diplostomidae gen. sp., endoparasites found in the hosts eyes. The third and last chapter performed a morphological and molecular analysis of these Diplostomidae metacercariae, crystalline parasites of almost all species of fish analyzed (except P. mangurus). There is a great difficulty in identifying the Diplostomidae species in all phases of its life cycle, but especially in relation to the metacercariae phase, which made that molecular techniques applied in association with the descriptive morphology. Based on the genetic characterization of the Cytochrome C Oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences and analysis of the morphological characters of these organisms, it was suggested a new genus distinct from the other known genetic lines of Diplostomidae. In the "Attachments" section, an species identification key of the genus Hypostomus presents in the Batalha River was realized to facilitate the hosts identification. Finally, we present the manuscript published in Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences entitled “Biodiversity and ecology of the parasitic infracommunities of Loricaria prolixa (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the Tietê-Batalha Basin, SP, Brazil”.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
diversidade de parasitos, bacia hidrográfica do Tietê-Batalha, parasitos de peixes, Hypostomus spp., Loricaria spp., Hoplosternum littorale, Rhamdia quelen, Pseudopimelodus mangurus, parasites diversity, Tietê-Batalha river basin, fish parasites