Imigração Haitiana: um estudo sobre o estabelecer do imigrante na cidade no contexto histórico e social de globalização
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Data
2019-03-19
Autores
Silva, Cinthia Xavier da [UNESP]
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A imigração haitiana para o Brasil tem fluxo considerável a partir de 2010 com a crise humanitária em consequência do terremoto que devastou o país. No entanto, a migração haitiana é um fenômeno que ocorre há pelo menos um século, desde a ocupação americana entre 1915 e 1934. O Brasil entra na rota da migração haitiana devido a um fortalecimento dos laços diplomáticos entre Brasil e Haiti e pela presença brasileira na ilha de 2004 a 2017, em que o Brasil teve o comando militar da MINUSTAH. A imigração foi inicialmente por via terrestre, pelas cidades de fronteira, no norte do país, Tabatinga - AM, Brasileia e Assis Brasil - AC. Depois de grave crise de superlotação em abrigos nestas cidades, os migrantes foram enviados por iniciativa do governo do Acre a outros estados sem aviso prévio às autoridades. Apenas em 2015, o governo brasileiro decide aumentar o número de concessão de vistos por razões humanitárias no Haiti, aumentando a entrada por via aérea com destino a outras capitais. Esta pesquisa perpassou o contexto histórico e social desta imigração haitiana para o Brasil, assim como procurou situá-la dentro de um contexto global de migrações potencializadas nas últimas décadas. A internacionalização do mercado, a desregulamentação e desnacionalização de legislações dos Estados-nação, a ocupação militar constante em diversos países periféricos e o deslocamento de empresas provocaram um fluxo cada vez maior de migrantes trabalhadores, refugiados e deslocados ambientais. E propõe pensar a migração haitiana a partir do sujeito migrante. Depois que o migrante chega a seu lugar de destino, o que é necessário fazer e como ele age para realizar suas condições de existência neste novo lugar? Pensamos este momento recente posterior à viagem como um período de se estabelecer, ou seja, de buscar meios para se fixar na cidade, resolver questões relacionadas à documentação e regularização de sua condição de migrante, e consolidar uma nova rotina. A pesquisa de campo foi realizada na cidade de São José do Rio Preto - SP. A cidade recebeu entre 2012 e 2015 número significativo de imigrantes haitianos comparado com outras cidades da metade Oeste do estado de São Paulo. Além disso, se destaca por ser uma cidade média, especializada no setor de serviços e que durante a década de 1980 recebeu incentivos fiscais, inclusive do Banco Mundial, para desenvolvimento em infraestrutura, atraindo migrantes da região e de outros estados. Acompanhamos uma família de migrantes durante um ano e meio nas suas idas a órgãos públicos, na busca por emprego; a relação com a família no lugar de origem e os projetos para o futuro da família. Nossas conclusões seguem na direção de fornecer dados para pensar uma política pública para a migração, de acordo com as necessidades reais do migrante para a realização de sua condição de vida no lugar de destino. Apesar de ter havido mudanças importantes na legislação brasileira sobre o entendimento da migração no país, ainda há muito que se construir no sentido de perceber o migrante como um cidadão de direitos.
Abstract: The Haitian immigration to Brazil has a considerable flow from 2010 with the humanitarian crisis because of the earthquake that devastated the country. However, Haitian migration is a phenomenon that has been occurring for at least a century since the American occupation between 1915 and 1934. Brazil enters the route of Haitian migration due to a strengthening of the diplomatic ties between Brazil and Haiti and the Brazilian presence in island from 2004 to 2017, in which Brazil had MINUSTAH military command. Immigration was initially by land, through the border cities, in the north of the country, Tabatinga - AM, Brasileia and Assis Brasil - AC. After a severe crisis of overcrowding in shelters in these cities, the migrants were sent on the initiative of the Acre government to other states without prior notice to the authorities. In 2015 alone, the Brazilian government decides to increase the number of visas for humanitarian reasons in Haiti by increasing admission by air to other capitals. This research has spanned the historical and social context of this Haitian immigration to Brazil, as well as sought to situate it within a global context of migrations enhanced in the last decades. Internationalization of the market, deregulation and denationalization of nation-state legislation, constant military occupation in several peripheral countries, and the displacement of businesses have led to an increasing flow of migrant workers, refugees and environmental displaced persons. And it proposes to think about Haitian migration from the migrant subject. After the migrant arrives at his destination, what is necessary to do and how does he act to fulfill his conditions of existence in this new place? We think of this recent moment after the trip as a period of establishing itself, that is, of finding means to settle in the city, solve questions related to documentation and regularization of its migrant status, and consolidate a new routine. The field research was carried out in the city of São José do Rio Preto - SP. The city received between 2012 and 2015 a significant number of Haitian immigrants compared to other cities in the western half of the state of São Paulo. In addition, it stands out as a middle-sized city that specializes in the services sector and received tax incentives, including the World Bank, for infrastructure development in the 1980s, attracting migrants from the region and other states. We have been accompanying a family of migrants for a year and a half in their trips to public agencies in search of employment; the relationship with the family in the place of origin and the projects for the future of the family. Our conclusions follow in the direction of provide data to think a public policy for the migration, according to the real necessities of the migrant to the realization of its condition of life in the destination place. Although there have been important changes in Brazilian legislation on the understanding of migration in the country, there is still much to be done in the sense of perceiving the migrant as a citizen of rights.
Abstract: The Haitian immigration to Brazil has a considerable flow from 2010 with the humanitarian crisis because of the earthquake that devastated the country. However, Haitian migration is a phenomenon that has been occurring for at least a century since the American occupation between 1915 and 1934. Brazil enters the route of Haitian migration due to a strengthening of the diplomatic ties between Brazil and Haiti and the Brazilian presence in island from 2004 to 2017, in which Brazil had MINUSTAH military command. Immigration was initially by land, through the border cities, in the north of the country, Tabatinga - AM, Brasileia and Assis Brasil - AC. After a severe crisis of overcrowding in shelters in these cities, the migrants were sent on the initiative of the Acre government to other states without prior notice to the authorities. In 2015 alone, the Brazilian government decides to increase the number of visas for humanitarian reasons in Haiti by increasing admission by air to other capitals. This research has spanned the historical and social context of this Haitian immigration to Brazil, as well as sought to situate it within a global context of migrations enhanced in the last decades. Internationalization of the market, deregulation and denationalization of nation-state legislation, constant military occupation in several peripheral countries, and the displacement of businesses have led to an increasing flow of migrant workers, refugees and environmental displaced persons. And it proposes to think about Haitian migration from the migrant subject. After the migrant arrives at his destination, what is necessary to do and how does he act to fulfill his conditions of existence in this new place? We think of this recent moment after the trip as a period of establishing itself, that is, of finding means to settle in the city, solve questions related to documentation and regularization of its migrant status, and consolidate a new routine. The field research was carried out in the city of São José do Rio Preto - SP. The city received between 2012 and 2015 a significant number of Haitian immigrants compared to other cities in the western half of the state of São Paulo. In addition, it stands out as a middle-sized city that specializes in the services sector and received tax incentives, including the World Bank, for infrastructure development in the 1980s, attracting migrants from the region and other states. We have been accompanying a family of migrants for a year and a half in their trips to public agencies in search of employment; the relationship with the family in the place of origin and the projects for the future of the family. Our conclusions follow in the direction of provide data to think a public policy for the migration, according to the real necessities of the migrant to the realization of its condition of life in the destination place. Although there have been important changes in Brazilian legislation on the understanding of migration in the country, there is still much to be done in the sense of perceiving the migrant as a citizen of rights.
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Palavras-chave
Imigração haitiana., Globalização, Acolhida humanitária, São José do Rio Preto, Contexto recente, Haitian immigration, Globalization, Humanitarian aid